الفهرس 
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Pollution of Natural water (aquatic systemsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present work is confined to study the concentration of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in Nile Water at Assuit City, Egypt during 10 months (Oct.2016 to Jul.2017).
The river is the principal fresh water resource for the country, meeting nearly all demands for drinking water, irrigation, and industry. It serves as the drinking water supply for the more than 100 million inhabitants. Water pollution is thus a cosmopolitan problem that needs urgent attention and prevention. Inorganic compounds such as trace metals are shown to have a multitude of toxic effects such as acute syndrome and neurotoxic effects (that ultimately cause disease in brain, kidney, skin cancer, etc.).In aquatic systems involves the measurement of a series of metals in water, thus our study was mainly intended to investigate the possible presence in the Nile River.
The concentration of trace metals i.e. Cd(II) and Pb(II) were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES) and differential pulse anodic stripping Voltammetric (DPASV) techniques using in situ tin film deposited on glassy carbon electrode.
Copper levels and its complexation capacity in raw Nile water were estimated by the stripping voltammetric technique.
The present thesis was constructed from three chapters.
I. The first chapter (introduction) :
This chapter includes introduction of Nile River, pollution of natural water, toxicity of heavy metals and their danger on humanity. Also, this chapter contains an introduction to an aspect of trace metal analysis , selected methods of water analysis , principles of the methods used in analysis , such as electroanalytical methods e.g. voltammetric and Polarographic measurement ;inductively coupled plasma and atomic absorption spectrometry. Finally this chapter include copper complexation capacity principles.
II. The second chapter (experimental):
It includes the preparation of stock solutions, geographical location of samples, procedures for preparation and keeping of samples for analysis, the instruments used in this work and procedures for preparation of the voltammetric cell.
III. The Third chapter (result and discussion):
Including results and discussion of this investigation. The conditions of the determination of metal ions under investigation.
IIIA. Determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP).
The Average concentration of Cd(II) and Pb were in the order Autumn >Winter>Summer>Spring. Weekly monitored Cd(II) and Pb(II) levels in Nile water at Assuit city were determined. It can be seen that there is temporal fluctuation of the metals concentration. Average concentration range of Pb(II) was 2.50 µg/L - 9.30 µg/L while that of Cd(II) was 0.02µg/L - 0.72 µg/L. However, average results are lower than the maximum allowed values established by WHO (World Health Organization), EC (European Commission) and USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) for drinking water.
IIIB. Determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on Stannum Electrode.
In stripping voltammetry Cd(II) and Pb(II) were investigated in the samples of April and June. In order to establish the most suitable experimental conditions for measurement of Cd(II) and Pb(II) at the Sn- film, a univariate optimization study was performed with the pH of solution, the deposition potential and the deposition time. As clearly evident, the optimum performance was achieved in the pH range of 4 to 5 and indicated that the optimum deposition potential was −1.50V.
It has been observed that the peaks of the two elements were ill-defined, accompanied by an enhancement of the current and splitting of them. It has been concluded that stannum film electrode is not suitable to determine Cd(II), Pb(II) in raw Nile Water due to the adsorption of organic and inorganic ligands probly exist in natural water i.e., Nile water.
IIIC. Determination of Copper and Copper Complexation Capacity.
The determination of Cu(II) and Copper Complexation Capacity (CCC) were collected from monthly composite samples for seven months. Cu(II) concentration range was found from 0.03 to 0.78µg/L, whereas (CCC) from 81.34 to 122.01µmole. In both values there is change from month to another at the same season. This is due to variation of the pollution levels in the municipal, agricultural and industrial effluents.