الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aims to understand the effect of fire on limestone in one of the important stone monuments (North Chapel) located in Tihna El-Gabal (Akoris) in Minia; as well as an experimental study of the impact of fire on limestone through laboratory study and techniques; and to find the appropriate treatment methods and materials.
Conclusions
from the results obtained in this thesis it can be concluded the following:
• When the temperature increases, apparent porosity values also increase. The increases in porosity lead to increases in water absorption.
• Porosity did not change significantly in porous stones, even at very high temperatures.
• High temperatures cause changes in the inner structure and in the mineral composition of natural stones. Some mineral transformations cause the occurrence of micro-cracks, cracks, and weakness in the mechanical properties of the stone.
• According to the previous studies and this current study, the structure of the natural stone becomes damaged when heated above 800°C. where the stone collapsed at 1000°C due to calcite turning into portlandite. This conversion led to changing of structural and textural properties of natural building stone..
• Increase in the temperature causes decreases in the weight of bulk density caused.
• Safety measures should be taken during exposure to water when a fire is detected, as increasing the amount of water absorbed by increasing the temperature can lead to building demolition.
• In this study, a systematic comparison was carried out between Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles (Nanolime, German product under the trade name CaLoSiL® E25) and phosphate-based treatments (DAP) for consolidation of studied monumental limestone Tihna El-Gabal archaeological area, Minia, Egypt. Both consolidants showed promising results, effectiveness, and good compatibility with the stone substrate.
• The different physico-mechanial and surface hydrophobation can be used as a parameters for evaluation the different impact of both used innovative consolidants on studied monumental limestone.
• Transport properties of the treated stones slightly altered by the treatment by both consolidants, so that water and water vapor exchanges between the treated stone and environment are not significantly blocked.
• The application of a 3 M DAP solution by capillary absorption, followed by application of a limewater poultice, proved to be a very effective method to enhance the studied limestone mechanical properties.
• Finally, and based on all of the results reported in this study, DAP would be the more efficient for studied limestone consolidation in the present case, Whereas it was found that it totally improved the stone properties, in addition to its high compatibility with the stone substrate.