الفهرس 
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Abstract
Lake Manzala is the biggest lake at the northeastern corner of the Nile Delta and along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. It comprises over 1000 islands of various sizes. The present study compared the floristic, ecological and palynological features of two islands Ebn-Salam and Tinnis as well as examined the vegetation analysis in correlation with environmental factors. Vegetation and soil were investigated in seven stands in Ebn-Salam Island and 17 stands in Tinnis Island. Pollen key slides of the water and terrestrial plants in the islands were prepared to facilitate identifications of pollen grains weather in the history or archaeology. Fossil pollen grains were analyzed in two profiles of the islands to study vegetation history in each island. Pollen grains in archeological sites were identified to understand the human interference and their activities in the ancient time. The results indicated that 25 species of 22 genera and linked to 12 families were documented. These species include 10 annual species (40 %) and 15 perennial species (60 %). Therophytes (35.71%) and Pluri-regional taxa (36%) were dominant. Four vegetation groups were segregated after the application of TWINSPAN. Among soil factors, sand, silt, saturation capacity, moisture content, soil salinity, cadmium and magnesium were the utmost effective factors. In comparison between Ibn Salam and Tinnis profiles, it was found that Ibn Salam profile was richer in fossil pollen types. When comparing fossil pollen types found in the archaeological site with those of Ibn Salam and Tinnis profiles, it was found that there are six families that distinguish the archaeological profile namely Pinaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae and Lamiaceae. These odd sudden families are representing the human interference and reflecting the daily life of ancient inhabitants such as manufacre of linen, agricltural activities of cereal crops and medicinal herbs.