الفهرس 
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Abstract
One of the most important reasons of endodontic treatment failure is the persistence or survival of microorganisms in the complex root canal system or periapical area; therefore, the success of endodontic treatment depends, to a great degree, on the elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system through mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation.
The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect and smear layer removal of 0.2% Sage extract with 2% Chlorhexidine and Saline when used as root canal irrigants in extracted primary teeth .
Seventy five roots were used in the current study, 60 roots of them were used for antibacterial testing and 15 roots were used for smear layer removal testing (5 for each group), 5 roots were irrigated 0.2% Sage leaves extract, 5 roots were irrigated with 2% CHX and 5 roots were irrigated with Saline.
For the antibacterial testing the 60 roots were divided into two experimental groups , one positive control group and one negative control group as follows: group 1: consisted of 20 root that were contaminated with E.faecalis and irrigated with 0.2% Sage solution. group 2: consisted of 20 root that were contaminated with E.faecalis and irrigated with 2% CHX di-gluconate. group 3 (positive control) : consisted of 10 root that were contaminated with E.faecalis and irrigated with normal saline. group 4 (negative control) : consisted of 10 roots that were not contaminated nor irrigated.
A concentration of 0.2% sage leaves extract solution were prepared to be used as irrigation. After mechanical preparation of the root canals employing the step back preparation technique reaching master apical file size #40 to standardize the diameter of all the canals, sterilization of all samples were carried out using Andromeda vacuum xp autoclave at 121 degrees Celsius and 15 PSI pressure for 15 minute.
Bacterial contamination with the E. feacalis of the first three groups were carried out, assigning each group to its selected irrigation solution for 5 minutes then samples were collected from the canals using sterile paper points and colony-forming units of bacteria were enumerated.
An electron microscope was used to identify smear layers as it provide a higher quality and magnification of the sample.
Results for antibacterial effect showed that there was a significant difference among the four tested groups. Positive control group had the highest (Mean±SD) followed by sage leaves extract group while CHX group had the lowest (Mean±SD).
For the smear layer removal, the results showed that there was no significant difference between Sage and CHX.