الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aims to produce biofuel from waste cooking oil (WCO) via the catalytic cracking process using activated carbon (AC) sources. The activated carbon sources which discuses in our study were cellulosic waste (ACCW). ACCW sources were loaded with Fe++, and Mn++ metal ions. In addition to investigates the properties of the obtained biofuel by varying the catalysts ratio and different conditions.
Catalysts characterization
The prepared activated carbon and activated carbon metal complexes (Mn2+ (Mn/ACCW) and Fe3+ (Fe/ ACCW) catalysts) were characterized using different spectroscopic and surface analysis to determine their chemical and morphological structures.
Catalytic cracking of WCO
Catalytic cracking procedures were performed as follows: 120 mL of WCO was charged in 500 mL two necked flask and the catalyst was added individually at different ratios of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3% by weight relative to the used oil. The catalytic cracking reaction was completed using the (Fe/ ACCW) catalysts and the products were as follows: 85% biofuel, 10% water, 3% solids, and the rest were vapors. While, using (Mn/ACCW); the products were: 80% biofuel, 15% water, 2% solids, and the rest were vapors. The catalytic cracking process performed at relatively low temperature. The catalytic cracking process efficiency was increased by increasing the catalyst concentration to 3%.
Biofuel specifications
The obtained biofuels from the catalytic cracking reactions were characterization by GC-Chromatography. The chromatographic analysis showed the effect of the oil type on the obtained biofuels. The physicochemical properties also were determined including: viscosity, density, specific gravity ASTM D-4052 (ASTM International United States, 2013), carbon residue ASTM D-445 (ASTM International, 2000), ash content ASTM D-4530 (ASTM Standard, 2013), sulfate content ASTM D-482 (ASTM, 2015), pour point ASTM D-4294-16 (ASTM D97-11, 2011), flash point, fire point ASTM D-97 (ASTM International, 2015), ASTM distillation ASTM D-93 (ASTM Standard D86, 2008) and cetane number ASTM D-4737. It was found that the properties of the obtained biofuels were within the standard specifications of gasoline and jet fuel.
The study represented the preparation and characterization of (Mn/ACCW) and (Fe/ACCW) as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for catalytic cracking of WCO to produce biofuels. The reactivity of the catalysts showed high percent product of the biofuels compared to the commercial and reported heterogeneous catalysts. The mechanism of the cracking process pathway was disused, the engine tests showed that the thermal brake efficiency of the blend B10 was closed to the petroleum diesel. The biofuel blend B10 not only decreased the brake specific fuel consumption but also raising the efficiency of the brake thermal. Therefore, 10% of the biofuel blend may be suggested as a promising alternative fuel for traditional diesel. Final, we believe that the previous catalysts will make a new route in efficient catalytic cracking of vegetable oils to produce alternative and suitable sources of green energy to have an impact on the energy state to decrease green-house effect.