الفهرس 
ContentsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25, obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30, obese class I (30-34.9), obese class II (35-39.9) and obese class 3 (>=40). Obesity represents one of the most common metabolic diseases in the world. The prevalence of obesity has increased epidemically during the past 4 decades and worldwide more than half a billion adults are now obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. As with other chronic diseases, obesity results from an interaction between an individual’s genetic predisposition to weight gain and environmental influences. Obesity represents a major health risk because it can lead to impaired quality of life and increased risk of a wide range of diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and certain types of cancer. Metabolic syndrome is an accumulation of several disorders, which together raise the risk of an individual developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, vascular and neurological complications such as a cerebrovascular accident. Metabolic syndrome often precedes the onset of T2DM and cardiovascular diseases. Worldwide, it has been estimated that approximately one-fourth of the adult population has metabolic syndrome and that the joined burden of obesity-related diseases causes 2.8 million deaths annually.