الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions used as final irrigation on depth of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules.
A total of 56 freshly extracted human single rooted teeth were mechanically prepared using M-pro rotary nickel titanium system files at the working length till # 25 taper 06 instrument at the recommended speed and torque using motor Endo-Mate DT©. The root canals then irrigated with copious saline and the canals enlarged up to size # 60 using manual k files, to standardized length of 16mm. The samples were stored in water till the time to be used.
Samples were divided into three groups according to the final irrigation:
- group 1 (NAOCL): 5 ML of Naocl 2. % were used as final irrigant for 1 min.
- group 2 (CHX): 5 ML of 2% chlorhexidine were used as final irrigant for 1min.
- group 3 (CHITOSAN): 5ML of 0.2% OF chitosan nanoparticles were used as final irrigant for 1 min.
- group 4 (MTAD): 5ML of MTAD were used as final irrigant for 1 min.
The root canals were finally irrigated with five ml of distilled water and then dried with paper points.
Each group will be subdivided according to the type of sealer used for obturation Nearly 0.02% fluorescent dye (Rhodamine B) was added to MTA fillapex and AH plus for fluorescence under confocal laser microscopy.
Obturation was done in lateral compaction technique using gutta percha and MTA fillapex in subgroup A, while gutta percha and AH plus was used in subgroup B.
Excess gutta percha was removed and acess cavities were sealed with temporary filling.
Evaluation was done by using confocal laser scanning microscope:
Method of Evaluation:
All samples were embedded into resin blocks, then were sectioned transversely into three-thirds (coronal, middle, apical) to be examined under confocal laser microscope to determine the depth of penetration of sealer into dentinal tubules.
Analysis of images acquired by confocal laser microscope were done by three equations:
1- The percentage of penetration
2- Maximum depth of penetration
The maximum length of sealer penetration has measured randomly in each tooth and the average maximum depth was calculated from 3 measurements of each tooth.
3- The amount of sealer penetrated in the canal perimeter
Data were collected and statistically analyzed.
Results:
The highest penetration depth was showed in subgroups A MTA fillapex in coronal section among the three groups of irrigation as compared to subgroup B AH plus , except for the chitosan showed no difference in the penetration depth between both types of sealers.
MTA fillapex exhibited higher penetration depth than AH plus according to the results of this study.