الفهرس 
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Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat increased circulating free fatty acids and inflammation leading to microglial proliferation. These interns promoted oxidative stress and cognition impairments linked to neurodegeneration. The effects of mother consumption of a high fat diet on offspring’s brain development are a public health problem. The goal of this study was to show how brain injuries affects offspring. At the same time, whey is a byproduct of cheese fermentation . It is rich in amino acids and micronutrients. Both of which have significance health benefits. The therapeutic potential of whey was illustrated. Eighty virgin female rats (Rattus norvegicus) (100-110g b.wt) were used in this study. They were categorized into four groups; control, whey supplemented group (twice doses of 2 cubic mL3 at intervals), a high fat diet group (Dietary components of 20% fat for 4 months before conception as well as during gestation and lactation period) and a high fat diet group supplemented whey. Mating of virgin females with fertile male (3/1) and determine the onset of pregnancy after visualizing sperm in the vaginal smears. The pregnant rats were categorized into four groups; control, whey supplemented group, a high fat diet and a combined high fat diet and whey supplementation. At 21 days-post-partum, the studied groups were fastened overnight, and euthanized using chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed in the next day. Maternal blood was collected at 10 AM, centrifuged and serum was separated and kept in refrigerator. Also, offspring of the studied groups were sacrificed at 1, 7, and 14 and 21 day-old, weighed and their brain were processed for investigations and the results were summarized as follows : 1. Whey contents : Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of whey syrup showed expression of nine bands of protein peptides with varying protein densities and concentrations. Whey protein contents reach 3.75 mg/100ml, while lactose contents become 5.53 mg/100 ml . The whey is rich in lactobacilli which attain 60 colony /ml3. The total antioxidant activity of the whey becomes 4.7 mg/l. 2. Offspring body weight : Offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet exhibited increased body weight at 1,7,14 and 21-day-old compared to control and whey supplemented group. Co-administration of whey with a high fat diet resulted alleviated increase of body weight , while 14 and 21-day old offspring were partially improved and still had significantly higher body weight. 3. Gross morphology of brain and scanning electron microscopy of offspring : Offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet exhibited comparative reduction of brain size and ill-differentiated folia of the cerebellum compared to control. Co-administration of whey plus a high fat diet possessed improvement of the gross morphological structure and the comparative brain size compared to the control. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed deeply folded cerebellar folia is deeply investigated in control offspring 3week-old. However offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet possessed less enfolding of cerebellar folia. In offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet diet plus whey supplementation showed characteristic folding of cerebellar folia compared to the control. 4. Light and transmission electron microscopy of cerebellar cortex : Offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet, exhibited a detected degeneration of the Purkinje cells. Vacuolar spaces were observed around the damaged Purkinje cells. The inner granular cells lacked morphological structures and become sparsely distributed. Widened spaces were detected aroused from necrotic areas. On the other hand, whey supplementation to offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet showed apparent improvement. The Purkinje cells possessed normal characteristic features of their shape and structure but their numbers were comparatively decreased. At transmission electron microscopy, compared to control, offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet showed alteration of the cerebellar cortex cells. The Purkinje cells possessed a detected disorganization of the cytoplasmic organelles. The rough endoplasmic reticulum become either fragmented or vesicuolated and irregularly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The mitochondria atrophied and lacked differentiation of their internal compartments. The characteristic pattern of Nissl bodies were disorganized. The granular cells appeared pleomorphic with abnormal condensation of nuclear heterochromation and appeared either pyknotic or karyolysed. In offspring maternally fed on a high fat diet, co-administration of whey resulted a marked improvement of the cytoarchitecture structure comparing with the control group. The Purkinje cell become intact with almost normal nuclei, nucleoli and cytoplasmic organelles. The granular cells showed obvious nuclei with peripheral margination of heterochromatin. 5. Immunohistochemistry of caspase-3 and synaptophysin of cerebellar cortex of 3 week-old postnatal young rat : In offspring maternally fed on a a high fat diet, there was a marked increase of the caspase 3 immunohistochemical reaction compared to the control. Furthermore, offspring of mothers fed on a high fat diet plus whey supplementation, there was a comparatively reduction of the immunohistochemical reaction. On the other hand, both control and whey supplemented group possessed overexpression of synaptophysin in the neuronal cells compared to a comparative reduction of the mentioned immunostaing in the cerebellar cortex of offspring of mother ingested on a high fat diet. However, in those maternally fed on a high fat diet plus, there was a detected moderate dark-brown immunohistochemical reaction. 6. Biochemical observations : Mother rats ingested diet rich in fat for four months prior to conception as well as during pregnancy and lactation period exhibited significant reduction in brain dopamine, serotonin, total antioxidant and, superoxide dismutase and glucose transporter 1 , while increased caspase 3, MDA and tumer necrosis factor-α. On the other hand, whey supplementation to mother rats alleviated the brain levels. The mentioned findings reflected on the brain biochemical picture of offspring of mother rats fed on a high fat diet but the degree of affected brain dopamine, serotonin, and total antioxidant and, superoxide dismutase and glucose transporter 1are less than mothers. The capacity of improving the mentioned assayed biochemical parameters post whey supplementation was markedly increased. At the same time , maternal consumption of a high fat diet led to significant increase of tumor necrosis factor –α,caspase 3 and malondialdhyde in brain of offspring maternally consumed a high fat diet. Offspring maternally supplemented whey plus a high fat diet showed a marked alleviation of brain of tumor necrosis factor –α, caspase- 3 and malondialdhyde in comparison with the control. 7. Single DNA fragmentation (Comet assay) : Compared to the control, single strand DNA showed increased detached neuronal tail and DNA concentration reflecting DNA damage in 21 day-old offspring of mother ingested high fat diet. However, those maternally supplemented whey plus fat diet showed marked decrease of DNA damage within the neuronal cells. The author finally concluded that whey supplementation is rich in antioxidant and have a therapeutic potential against brain damage induced by consumption of a high fat diet. They improve the cerebellar structure and function.