الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study deals with evaluating the anti-fertility effects of some locally available plants on male albino mice as a prelude to using them for the control of the commensal house mouse, Mus musculus. The extracts of each of the seeds of Sea Island cotton, Gossypium barbadense; soya beans, Glycine max; basil, Ocimum basilium; rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis were tested with male albino mice. The synthetic testosterone was also tested with both sexes of albino mice.
The cotton seed extract was prepared using three solvents; ethanol, chloroform and ether. The low (105 mg/kg) and high (210 mg/kg) doses of the ethanolic extract of cotton seeds did not have anti-fertility effects. The chloroform and ether extracts of cotton seeds (210 mg/kg), on the other hand, have affected the fertility treated males. Anti-fertility effects were manifested by a high reduction in each of sperm count, percentage of motile sperm, concentration of free testosterone and the presence of small-sized seminiferous tubules with thickened basement membranes. It is also manifested by the presence of markedly damaged germinal lining, vacuolations in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, scattred apoptotic cells, and mildly edematous interstitium. These extracts, however, have affected the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and the concentration of urea indicating bad effects on the liver and kidney.
The ethanolic extract of soya beans (300 mg/kg) and soya beans food regime had anti-fertility effects in treated males manifested by a high reduction in each of sperm count, percentage of motile sperm, concentration of free testosterone. It is also manifested by the presence of average-sized seminiferous tubules with average-thickened basement membranes, mildly edematous germinal lining and degeneration in most primary spermatocytes. This plant also affected the concentration of urea.
The ethanolic extract of basil (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) did not have any anti-fertility effects in treated males. The extract did not also affect the activity of liver enzymes and the concentration of urea.
The ethanolic extract of rosemary (500 mg/kg) had anti-fertility effects on treated males manifested by a high reduction in sperm count, percentage of motile sperm, concentration of free testosterone. It was also manifested by some histopathological changes in the testis such as thickened basement membranes, germinal lining with scattered apoptotic cells and the presence of few sperm. The extract also affected the concentration of urea.
Synthetic testosterone had anti-fertility effects on both male and female albino mice. In treated males, the anti-fertility effects was manifested by a high reduction in each of sperm count, percentage of motile sperm, concentration of free testosterone, and acid phosphatase. It was also manifested by some histopathological changes in the testis such as thickened basement membrane, thin mildly edematous germinal lining with scattered spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm, scattered apoptotic cells, absence of sperm in some tubules, and markedly edematous interstitium with Leydig cells showing dark black cytoplasmic inclusions. Exogenous testosterone also affected the concentration of estradiol, level of glucose, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerols. In treated female, antifertility effects was manifested by histopathological changes in ovary such as primordial, primary and secondary follicles with degenerated oocytes, and multiple corpora lutea in cellular stroma with scattered large cells that have vacuolated cytoplasm. The testosterone also affected the concentration of estradiol, free testosterone, level of total cholesterol, triacylglcerols and glucose.
In non-choice feeding tests, commensal house mice preferred cotton seed bait formulation, than soya bean, rosemary and testosterone bait formulation, respectively. In free choice feeding tests, mice mostly preferred soya bean bait formulation followed by plain food, cotton seed, rosemary and testosterone bait formulations, respectively.
It is recommended that soya beans and rosemary leaf extracts as well as synthetic testosterone be used in the control of commensal house mice in the frame of integrated pest management programs.