الفهرس 
SclerodermaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Scleroderma is a term originates from the Greek words skleros, signifying ―hard,‖ and derma, signifying ―skin‖. It is an autoimmune, heterogeneous, multi-organ disease with a spread of microangiopathy, the clinical hallmark of which is local and systemic fibrosis. Scleroderma is classified as two major separate but related entities types: the first type is localized scleroderma (LSc), and the second type is systemic sclerosis (SSc), where both types have further subtypes. The pathogenesis of scleroderma is still mysterious. Immunological imbalance, genetic factors, environmental factors, medications (such as bleomycin and pentazocine), viruses (cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19), and oxidative stress play a major role in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. All those initiate collagen synthesis, fibrosis, and progression of scleroderma.