الفهرس 
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Abstract
Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to have a child after one year of regular unprotected intercourse, affecting 10 to 15% of couples. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in 2020, approximately 50–80 million people worldwide suffer from infertility, and male factors are responsible for almost 20–30% of all infertility cases (Babakhanzadeh et al., 2020).