الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed to control ammonia dissolved in fish farm water and this was done by a variety of substances in different ways, including what has been added to water and that added to feed .this study was divided into three experiments as follows:
*The First Experiment:
This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of Quillaja saponaria (QS), and Vitamin E (VE) on water quality, fish performance, and health of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Fish (N=120, 12.75±0.289 g) were randomly distributed in triplicates into four experimental groups. (1) the control group (CG), fish received a basal diet; (2) the Quillaja saponaria group (QS), fish received a basal diet containing 300 mg kg-1 QS extract; (3) Vitamin E group (VE), fish received a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg kg-1 VE; and (4) QS/VE group, fish received a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 300 mg kg-1 QS extract and 400 mg kg-1 VE. Fish fed experimental diets (30/6, protein/lipids ratio) for 60 days. Results revealed a significant decrease of total ammonia nitrogen and unionized ammonia in fish fed QS/VE, VE, and QS compared to CG. Fish provided QS and/or VE showed a significant improvement in growth and feed utilization indices compared to CG (P<0.05), with the best results in QS/VE group. QS and/or VE’s dietary supplementation did not improve hematological parameters. However, a significant improvement of serum analyses (total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, cholesterol, and triglycerides) was recorded in fish fed QS and/or VE compared to CG with the best values in QS/VE. Digestive enzyme activity (lipase, amylase) and oxidative parameters (SOD, CAT) were significantly increased with QS and/or VE dietary supplementation, and the best findings were recorded in QS/VE. Gill necrotic tissues were alleviated in fish fed QS or/and VE. The intestinal health (villi length, villi surface area, and goblet cells count) showed a significant improvement by dietary QS or/and VE, with the best findings in fish received QS/VE. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of Quillaja saponaria (QS) and Yucca schidigera (YS) on water quality, growth performance and health status of Nile tilapia. Fish (n=120, 11.97±0.497 g) were randomly distributed into four experimental groups in triplicates. (1) Control group (CG), fish received basal diet; (2) Yucca schidigera group (YS); fish received basal diet and 0.11 mL/m3 per week YS extract in water; (3) Quillaja saponaria group (QS), fish received basal diet supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 QS extract; (4) Mixed group (QS/YS), fish received basal diet supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 QS and 0.11 mL/m3 per week YS extract in water. Results revealed an improvement of water quality parameters in QS/YS, YS, and QS compared to CG (P≤0.05). Fish received QS and/or YS showed higher growth performance and lower feed conversion ratio than CG (P≤0.05), with the best findings being reported in QS/YS. Using QS and/or YS improved gill health, increased intestinal villi length, and goblet cell number compared to CG (P≤0.05). Lymphocytes, total protein, globulin, and lysozyme activity were increased, while cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and creatinine were decreased in fish received QS and/or YS compared to CG (P≤0.05), with the best results being observed in QS/YS. QS and/or YS supplementation increased lipase, amylase, superoxide dismutase, catalase while reduced malonaldehyde activity compared to CG, with the highest activity being recorded in QS/YS.
*The Second Experiment:
This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of Quillaja saponaria (QS) and Yucca schidigera (YS) on water quality, growth performance and health status of Nile tilapia. Fish (n=120, 11.97±0.497 g) were randomly distributed into four experimental groups in triplicates. (1) Control group (CG), fish received basal diet; (2) Yucca schidigera group (YS); fish received basal diet and 0.11 mL/m3 per week YS extract in water; (3) Quillaja saponaria group (QS), fish received basal diet supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 QS extract; (4) Mixed group (QS/YS), fish received basal diet supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 QS and 0.11 mL/m3 per week YS extract in water. Results revealed an improvement of water quality parameters in QS/YS, YS, and QS compared to CG (P≤0.05). Fish received QS and/or YS showed higher growth performance and lower feed conversion ratio than CG (P≤0.05), with the best findings being reported in QS/YS. Using QS and/or YS improved gill health, increased intestinal villi length, and goblet cell number compared to CG (P≤0.05). Lymphocytes, total protein, globulin, and lysozyme activity were increased, while cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and creatinine were decreased in fish received QS and/or YS compared to CG (P≤0.05), with the best results being observed in QS/YS. QS and/or YS supplementation increased lipase, amylase, superoxide dismutase, catalase while reduced malonaldehyde activity compared to CG, with the highest activity being recorded in QS/YS. Conclusively, Nile tilapia received QS and YS prompted synergistic effects that improved water quality, growth performance, immune-oxidative status, digestive enzymes, gills and intestine histomorphology.
*The Third Experiment:
This study was aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of Quillaja Saponaria (QS) and linseed oil (LO) on water quality, growth performance, welfare profile, blood health, and immune-oxidative status of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Fish (n=120, 10.28 ± 0.521 g) were randomly distributed in 12 aquaria in triplicates. Fish were divided into four groups; (1) fish received only basal diet (control group, CG), (2) basal diet supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 Quillaja Saponaria (QS), (3) basal diet supplemented with 2% linseed oil (LO) and (4) basal diet supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 Quillaja Saponaria and 2% linseed oil (QS/LO). Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in fish productivity (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio), water quality (low total ammonia nitrogen and unionized ammonia) and welfare indices (low detached scales and fin damage) in fish received QS or/and LO with the best findings being detected in QS/LO. Dietary inclusion of QS or/and LO increased serum total protein, globulin, and reduced cholesterol and triglycerides compared to CG (P<0.05) with the best findings in QS/LO. Antioxidant enzymes (increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced malonaldehyde), digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase), and relative gene expression (insulin growth factor I, superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) were improved when fish received QS or/and LO with the best results in QS/LO.