الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of breast self-examination programs on the early detection of breast cancer.
Research design
A quasi-experimental design was utilized for carrying out this study.
Setting
This study was conducted in an outpatient clinic in maternity and child University Hospital. This hospital provides different services such as antenatal care services, follow-up of pregnant women during pregnancy, Laboring services, gynecological services, family planning services, pot care services, laboratory tests, and health education services. The investigator expected to receive many women searching for the effect of breast self-examination programs on women’s awareness for early detection of breast cancer.
Subjects
The study subjects included all women (100 women) who are all fulfilling inclusion criteria during data collection.
Inclusion Criteria:
o All women at reproductive age from 18 to 49 years old.
o Women who have a family history and genetic disease of breast cancer.
Exclusion Criteria:
Women who diagnosed with breast cancer.
Tools of data collection:
Data collection tools (see Appendix B):
Three tools were used to collect the current data
The first tool: A structured interviewing questionnaire: it was designed by the researcher and it was consisted of three parts:
Part I: Socio-demographic characteristics:
It was used to assess socio-demographic characteristics of women such as age, level of education, occupation, income, marital status,……..etc.
Part II: Obstetrical history: it included age of menarche, number of gravity, number of parity and menstrual cycle…………..etc.
Part III: Women’s knowledge regarding breast self-examination questionnaire: to assess women’s knowledge regarding breast self-examination, it included (10) items related to the definition of BSE, the timing of its importance of BSE and abnormalities of it……...etc. (Fletcher, 2020).
The second tool: the women’s attitude Scale regarding breast self-examination: to assess women’s attitude regarding breast self-examination, included (14) questions.
The third tool: Women’s practices Observational checklist
The researcher developed it to assess women’s practices regarding breast self-examination. It involves (15) steps, such as (inspection, palpation, palpate of lymph node, squeezing of nipples and……etc.
Data collection procedure:
Written initial approval was obtained from the research committee of the Faculty of Nursing, Minia University. Tool I, II, and III were submitted to a jury of 5 experts in the field of women’s health and obstetric nursing department to determine its applicability and content validity. The necessary modification was done
A group interview was done by the researcher to explain the nature and purpose of the study. Data collection tools were introduced to women to be filled. The time required for filling the questionnaire was stimmed after making the pilot study. It was relatively thirty minutes. All study sample required handout includes knowledge related to breast self-examination such as definition, timing, technique, and signs of abnormality.
The study’s data collection took three months, starting at the beginning of April at the end of June 2021. The research attended at setting; 3 days/ week starting from 9 A.m. to 2 P.m. until the end of the previous predetermined period. The researcher met women in the waiting area in the group’s average number 5 to 8 women. At first, the researcher obtained oral consent after explaining the aim of the study and explaining how to fill the tools.
The first tool structured interviewing questionnaire used to assess general characteristics obstetrical history and knowledge of breast self-examination of the women with clarifying any question. The third tool (observational cheek list) assessed women’s practices and attitudes regarding breast self-examination within 25 to 30 minutes. The follow-up sessions were done after three months by the investigator to conduct this study.
The main findings of the present study were the following:
• Regarding socio-demographic characteristics of the studied sample, mean age of the studied sample was32.6 ± 4.7 years, 59.0% of them was not read or write, 70.0% of them were housewives, 91.0% of them was married, 80.0% of them hadn’t insufficient income, and 68.0% of them lives in a rural area.
• One-third of the studied sample their source of knowledge was television, followed by 30.0% of them being their friends and relatives, 22.0% of them did not have any knowledge, and 15.0% of their source was social media.
• Regarding studied sample knowledge regarding breast self-examination pre/ post-program, 3.0% of the studied sample had satisfactory knowledge regarding breast self-examination pre-program increased to 99.0% post-program with highly statistically significant differences which P-value < 0.0001.
• Regarding studied sample attitude regarding breast self-examination pre/ post-program, 86.0% of the studied sample had a positive attitude regarding breast self-examination pre-program increased to 98.0% post-program with highly statistically significant differences with P-value < 0.002.
• Regarding studied sample practice regarding breast self-examination pre/ post-program, 30.0% of the studied sample had good practice regarding breast self-examination pre-program increased to 98.0% post-program with highly statistically significant differences which P-value < 0.0001.
• About the relation between the socio-demographic characteristics of the studied sample and their total knowledge levels, the current study showed that highly educated women had satisfactory knowledge regarding BSE pre/ post-educational program with statistically significant differences.
• Regarding the relation between the socio-demographic characteristics of the studied sample and their total attitude levels, the current study showed that rural women and divorced women had positive regarding BSE pre-educational program with statistically significant differences.
• Concerning the relation between the socio-demographic characteristics of the studied sample and their total practice levels, the current study showed that urban women, widows, educated and worked women had good practices regarding BSE pre-educational program and only urban women post educational program with statistically significant differences.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that:
An extensive breast self-examination program may help detect breast cancer by increasing women’s knowledge, attitude, and practices toward applying it.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the present study, the following can be recommended:
• Develop a regular periodic educational program for women to enhance their knowledge, attitude, and breast self-examination practices.
• Increasing the number of health campaigns, multiplying TV shows, and health talks about breast self-examination will improve knowledge and hence attitude and practice.
• Further studies are implemented on a larger probability sample of women with different age groups.
• Farther researches need to be conducted to assess the knowledge of mothers about preventions and management of breast cancer special in rural area.