الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bile duct injury following cholecystectomy is an iatrogenic catastrophe associated with significant peri operative morbidity and mortality reduced long term survival and quality of life and high rates of subsequent litigation. It should be regarded as preventable. Bile duct injury should be regarded as preventable, but over 70 per cent of surgeons regard it as unavoidable. Although most injuries occur within the surgeon’s first 100 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, one third happen after the surgeon has performed more than 200; it is more than inexperience that leads to bile duct injury. The commonest cause of common bile duct injury is misidentification of biliary anatomy (70–80 per cent of injuries), a reduction in risk if surgeons perform routine intraoperative cholangiography.