الفهرس 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 191 |  |  |
| | | from | 191 | | |
Abstract
Fascioliasis, a zoonotic infestation caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica (liver fluke), is primarily a disease of herbivorous animals such as sheep and cattle. Humans become accidental hosts through ingesting uncooked contaminated aquatic plants such as watercress or water. The current study had enrolled 135 patients who had diagnosed with fascioliasis based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings, either in Fever hospital, Assiut university hospital (Internal medicine), Assiut university liver hospital (Al rajhy hospital) or Assiut university children hospital, in time period from October 2018 to October 2019. Our study showed that the mean age of enrolled patients was 45.98 ± 22.14 years with range between 13 and 69 years old. The infection rate was high among adult patients (63%) were 25-64 years. Out of the studied patients (57.8%) were female. Except for (2.2%) all enrolled patients came from rural areas (97.8%), the majority (88.9%) lived in Manfalout city. It was valuable to note that, the most frequent presentations among patients were abdominal pain and fever presented in (91.1%) and (37.8%). respectively. Only (2.2 %) of patients had Fasciola egg in stool analysis. High eosinophilia was recorded in (84.4%), while Fasciola antibodies detected in all available serum samples. Furthermore, normal sonographic findings of liver present in (48.1%), HFL in (51.9%) of patients and Fasciola observed inside common bile duct in (18.5%). Fasciola extraction by ERCP was done in (5.9%) patients, all of them were females. Regarding seasonality, the bigger half of infections (55.6%) occurred during autumn. The majority (87.4%) of patients responded to single dose of triclabendazole. We found that females’ patients had statistically significant higher frequency of eosinophilia and better response to single dose of TCBZ. In addition, Fasciola extraction with ERCP was more in females. There were significant association between the residence in Manfalout city and Fasciola extraction with ERCP. We recorded significant relations between eosinophilia, Fasciola antibody titre, HFL and Fasciola extraction with ERCP. Our experimental in vitro study on Fasciola spp. was conducted in research laboratory, Parasitology Department, Faculty of medicine Assuit University. The present work conducted to validate and disclose the inhibitory and anthelmintic activities of ethanolic extracts of clove (S. aromaticum) and garlic (A. sativum), along with their essential oils and nano emulsion.
In the present study, characterization of (Eugenol) and garlic oil (Allicin) microemulsions showed that the size was within nano-range as measured by a Zeta-sizer and TEM. Various concentrations of ethanolic extracts 50% and 95% (10, 5, and 2.5 mg/ml for S. aromaticum) (10, 8, and 4 mg/ml for A. sativum), Eugenol and Eugenol nano emulsion (0.01, 0.005 and 0.0025 mg/ml) and lastly Allicin and Allicin nano emulsion (0.01, 0.008 and 0.004 mg/ml) were evaluated regarding their effects on Fasciola motility, mortality and tegumental ultrastructure.
Our study highlighted that, the mortality of Fasciola spp. occurred after 2 and 4h all flukes died when incubated in (10 mg/ml) S. Aramoticum ethanoic extract 50% and 95% respectively. For A. sativium ethanoic extract 50% and 95% only 25% and 50% died after 8th h. Fasciola spp. died after 2, 4, 6 and 8h respectively, when incubated in 0.01 mg/ml of Eugenol nano emulsion, Allicin nano emulsion, Eugenol and Allicin in order. The mean differences over the time between the groups of flukes exposed to (ethanolic extract 50% of S. aromaticum and A. sativium), (ethanolic extract 95% of S. aromaticum and A. sativium), (Eugenol and Allicin) and (Eugenol nano emulsion and Allicin nano emulsion) were statistically significant.
In vitro toxicity against Fasciola spp showed significant time and concentration dependence. The 2h LC50 of S. aromoticum ethanoic extract 50%, A. sativium ethanolic extract 50%, S. aromoticum ethanolic extract 95% and A. sativium ethanolic extract 95% against Fasciola spp were 2.37, 2.86, 2.37 and 2.84 mg/ml respectively. The 8h LC50 were 2.01, 2.29, 1.82 and 2.13 mg/ml respectively. The 2h LC50 of Eugenol and Allicin were 0.97 and 1.51 mg/ml respectively. The 8h LC50 were 0.57 and 0.60 mg/ml respectively, for Eugenol nano-emulsion and Allicin nano-emulsion LC50 at 2h were 0.86 and 1.08 mg/ml respectively. At 8h were 0.44 and 0.51 mg/ml respectively
The current study clarified for the first time the effects of S.aromoticum and A. sativium ethanoic extracts, Eugenol, Allicin, Eugenol nano emulsion and Allicin nano emulsion on ultrastructural of Fasciola spp. by SEM. Our results revealed swelling of suckers and tegument. The spine affection varied up to be dislodged and exposed their sockets in the syncytium. These changes were more obvious in case of clove and its formulation especially Eugenol.
In conclusion, the current study recorded the effects of S.aromoticum and A. sativium ethanoic extracts, Eugenol, Allicin, and their nano emulsion on Fasciola spp. The results showed that S. aromaticum ethanolic extract 95% is the most effective, followed by S. aromaticum ethanolic extract 50%. Eugenol nano emulsion had the best flukicidal effects followed by allicin nano emulsion, The collected data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences v.20 for Windows (SPSS). All values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The significance of differences between the groups was calculated using the ANOVA test. The percentage of reduction was alculated between the treated groups and the control group. The significance of differences between the groups was calculated using independent t-test. P-value of < 0.001 was considered statistically significant. For in vitro study (viability), Chi-square for trend analysis was used to compare the proportion of viability in relation to control group.