الفهرس 
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Abstract
6. SUMMARY
In the present study, a total number of 12 apparently clinically healthy adult stray male dogs were used. These dogs were ranged in age from 1.67±0.4 years old and their body weights from 14.5±0.6 kg. Dogs were divided into two main groups as following:
1. group 1: (3) adult male dogs were apparently clinically healthy and enrolled as non-diabetic control group
2. group 2: (9) adult male dogs were subjected to experimental induction of DM by I/V injection of (Alloxan) ® at dose rate of (60 mg/kg) body weight dissolved in 5 ml normal saline and enrolled as alloxan induced diabetic dogs which divided according to treatment protocol into three subgroups as follow:
a. Subgroup A: consists of three alloxan induced diabetic dogs were treated by insulin only (Mixtard) ® S/C at dose rate of (1.0 IU/kg body weight) for 2 successive weeks and evaluated during induction and treatment periods.
b. Subgroup B: consists of three alloxan induced diabetic dogs were treated by insulin (Mixtard) ® S/C at dose rate of (1.0 IU/kg body weight) for 2 successive weeks plus addition of some feed additives purchased from local market (1.5 g/kg/day of Trigonella fenugreek seeds powder + 2 g/day of Nigella sativa seeds). Plus garlic (Tomex 200 mg) ® one tablet orally per day and evaluated during induction and treatment periods.
c. Subgroup C: consists of three alloxan induced diabetic dogs were treated by insulin (Mixtard) ® S/C at dose rate of (1.0 IU/kg body weight) for 2 successive weeks plus Metformin (Cidophage 850 mg) ® (at dose of 1700 mg/ day) two tablets orally per day and evaluated during induction and treatment periods.
Samples were collected from each animal as following:
1. Urine sample for examination of glucosuria, proteinuria and pH
2. Two blood samples:
a. Non-coagulated blood sample were used for hematological examination
b. Coagulated blood sample were used for serum isolation for measurement of glucose, insulin, fructosamine, AST, ALT, ALP, TC, TG, LDL, HDL, BUN, creatinine, Na+, K+, Cl-, CRP, SAA, Hp and albumin.
3. Post-mortem specimens of pancreas, liver and kidney for histopathological examination.
The results of this study summarized as following:
1. Urinalysis:
After induction of diabetes, urinalysis of the alloxan induced canine diabetes group revealed significant increase in glucose and protein level (+++) with the same acidic scale of pH (5-6) between groups.
During the 1st and 2nd week of treatment, urine examination of subgroup B was the best ameliorated subgroup compared to other treated subgroups. This represented as little amount (+) of glycosuria, negative proteinuria with acidic pH (5-6) toward the end of 3rd week of the experiment.
2. Hematological analysis:
After induction of diabetes, the values of RBCs; MCV, TLC, NEUT, LYM and MID showed no significant difference compared to control group, while the values of Hb, PCV, MCH and MCHC were significantly decreased compared to control group. Finally, the value of PLT was significantly elevated compared to control dogs.
During the period of treatment, the values of RBCs, MCV, NEUT and MID were still showed no significant difference between the treated subgroups and group 1, while the values of Hb; PCV, MCH, MCHC, TLC and LYM showed significant increase in the treated subgroups compared to control group. Finally, the value of PLT was still showing a significant elevation compared to control dogs.
3. Biochemical analysis of serum:
a. Serum glucose, insulin and fructosamine levels:
After induction of diabetes, the values of glucose and fructosamine showed significant elevations, while the value of insulin showed a significant reduction in the three subgroups compared to control group.
During the period of treatment, the values of glucose and fructosamine showed significant reductions, while the value of insulin showed a significant elevation in the three treated subgroups with more significant improvement in subgroup B than C and A compared to healthy control dogs.
b. Serum enzymatic activities of liver (AST, ALT and ALP):
After induction of diabetes, the values of AST, ALT and ALP showed significant elevations in the three subgroups compared to control group.
During the period of treatment, the values of AST, ALT and ALP showed a significant decrease in the three treated subgroups which was prominent in subgroup B and C, respectively compared to control dogs.
c. Serum lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL and HDL):
After induction of diabetes, the values of total cholesterol, TG and LDL showed significant elevations, while the value of HDL showed a significant reduction in the three subgroups compared to control group.
While toward the end of 2nd week of experiment, the values of total cholesterol, TG and LDL showed significant reductions, while the value of HDL began to be improved in all treated subgroups compared to control dogs. These findings were more prominent in subgroup B compared to others.
d. Serum urea and creatinine:
After induction of diabetes, the values of urea and creatinine were significantly elevated in the three subgroups compared to clinically healthy dogs. But with treatment, levels of urea showed marked improvement in subgroup B then subgroup A, while subgroup C still showed higher serum levels of urea with no improvement. On the contrary, During the 1st and 2nd weeks of treatment, serum creatinine levels were significantly decreased in the treated subgroups with much improvement in subgroup B.
e. Serum macro elements (Na+, K+ and Cl-):
After induction of diabetes, significant elevations of serum sodium, chloride and potassium levels were recorded at the end of induction week in the three subgroups compared to healthy control dogs. Where, increment was still recorded during treatment period with more prominent elevation was observed in subgroup C than others regarding to Na and Cl levels, but to K was in subgroup B then C.
f. Serum acute phase proteins (CRP, SAA, Hp and albumin):
After induction of diabetes, the values of CRP, SAA and Hp showed significant elevations in the three subgroups compared to control group
With treatment their values began to be decreased with more prominent improvement toward the end of 3rd week in subgroup B.
In alloxan induced diabetic dogs, serum concentration of albumin showed non-significant increase compared to healthy control dogs during 1st and 2nd week of experiment. While significant reduction was recorded during the 3rd week of experiment in treated subgroups
4. Histopathological findings:
Alloxan induced diabetic dogs showed sever pathological lesions which represented as, sever congestion of blood vessels of pancreatic tissues, severe cytoplasmic vacuolation of both hydropic and lipid types in hepatic tissues and non-necrotic degenerated tubular epithelium in renal tissues.
After treatment, the pathological lesions of pancreas, liver and kidney were dramatically decreased in the three treated subgroups. The best ameliorated improvement was observed in dogs treated with insulin and herbal mixtures (subgroup B).