الفهرس 
Zoonotic Potential and Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection in Poultry and Their Handlers in Egypt
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Abstract
Since 2006, the highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus subtype constitute animal and public health concerns in Egypt. The period between 2006 and 2017 showed huge outbreaks of H5N1 with high loss in poultry population,associatedwith human cases,The H5N1is now endemic in poultry Egypt. The present study examined the possible risk factors linked to H5N1 infection in poultry and in human work in direct contact with poultry. Tracheal swabs (n =824) were collected from domestic poultryspecies, including chickens (n=345), ducks (n=246), and turkeys (n=233) during the period from March 2016 to March 2017.The samples were collected from household and farm sectors sited in the main three regions in Egypt, the Upper (Assiout and Menia), the Central (Cairo and Giza), and the Lower (Sharqia and Qaliobia). The detection of the HPAI H5N1 in tracheal samplesof the poultry was performed by real-time real-PCR. Human work in contact with poultry n=53 were included.Bloodsamples were collected and subjected to hemagglutination inhibition test to examine the presence of antibodiesagainst HPAI H5N1. Two structured questionnaires were used to gather the epidemiological data from poultry and humans included in the study