الفهرس 
Early changesin lungultrasound findings and diagnosis of early onset ventilator associated pneumonia
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Abstract
Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most frequent intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infection that is independently associated with mortality.Accurate diagnosis and timely treatment have been shown to improve the prognosis of VAP. Chest X-ray or computed tomography imaging are used for conventional assessment of VAP, but these methods are impractical for real-time measurement in critical patients.Therefore, lung ultrasound (LUS) has been increasingly used for the assessment of VAP in the ICU. Traditionally, LUS has seemed unsuitable for the detection of lung parenchyma owing to the high acoustic impedance of air; however, the fact that the reflection and reverberation in the detection region of the ultrasound reflect the underlying pathology of lung diseases has led to the increased use of ultrasound imaging as a standard of care supported by evidence-based and expert consensus in the ICU. Considering that any type of pneumonia causes air volume changes in the lungs, accumulating evidence has shown that LUS effectively measures the presence of VAP as well as dynamic changes in VAP. This review offers evidence for ultrasound as a noninvasive, easily repeatable, and bedside means to assess VAP; in addition, it establishes a protocol for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of VAP. Methods: one hundred patients who was included at the time of institution of mechanical ventilation were subjected to full history taking and physical examination, laboratory studies, SOFA score, APACHE II score and CPIS score were calculated. A comprehensive scan wastaken in six areas for each lung (superior and inferior areas in the anterior, lateral, and posterior {uFB01}elds using anterior and posterior axillary lines as landmarks. ultrasound score was calculated.patients were divided into two groups (VAP and non VAP) groups.Results: Our study showed that the sensitivity of LUS score in day 0 is 76.5 %, while specificity is 81.3%.the sensitivity was 100 %, while specificity is 93.8% in day 3.The sensitivity of U/S in day 5 is 97.1 %, while specificity is 93.8%