الفهرس 
Breast CancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent diagnosed cancer and the leading cause
of cancer death in women worldwide (Wilkinson&Gathani, 2022). Psychosocial
factors such as chronic stress activate sympathetic nerve fibers to release
neurotransmitter, especially epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE), into the
local tissue microenvironment that contribute in cancer progression and to some extent its initiation (Antoni et al., 2009, Dezong et al., 2014). Therefore, sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation is considered a to be a good target for therapeutic intervention in cancer (Cole&Sood, 2012).
Breast cancer cells express alpha and/or beta adrenergic receptors (ADRs),
and excessive catecholamines like E and NE could promote proliferation and
metastasis of breast cancer cells (Dezong et al., 2014) by modulation of multiple cellular processes including inflammation, angiogenesis, apoptosis/anoikis, cell motility, trafficking and DNA damage repair (Yang et al., 2006, Sloan et al.,
2010, Ashrafi et al., 2018). So, many pre-clinical and clinical studies on breast cancer have focused on impact of ADRs blockers particularly β-blockers in
improving survival, progression and metastasis outcome (Melhem-Bertrandt et
al., 2011, Sørensen et al., 2013, Abdin et al., 2014, Dezong et al., 2014, Ashrafi et al., 2018).