الفهرس 
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality all over the world nowadays.
Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) is a real pollutant with a great risk on human life. It has a wide range of harm on all systems of the body, with its great effect on respiratory system. Histopathological changes induced by CdCl2 inhalation mimic the pulmonary changes of acute viral infection including coronavirus infection that became in the last three years our real enemy.
Allicin an organic compound from garlic extract. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial benefits. In recent studies allicin discovered to possess a great anti-viral effect. so, complications of using the synthetic drugs could be avoided by using this organic one.
This study was concerned with the description of the biochemical and histological changes in the rat’s lung following CdCl2 inhalation, studying the possible ameliorating role of allicin administration by (oral, nebulization) and identification of different mechanisms involved in these changes.
In this study, forty adult male albino rats weighting about (150- 250 g) were divided into five groups the control group (group I) which was divided equally in to 2 subgroups: A) subgroup A: Each rat received 1ml of 0.9 Nacl saline orally once daily for 10 days. B) subgroup B: Each rat received nebulized 1ml of 0.9 NaCl saline for 1h once daily, the CdCl2 group (group II) that received 0.1 mg / kg of nebulized CdCl2, the untreated group (group III) which received CdCl2 as in group II then left without treatment for 7 days, the allicin oral group (group IV) which received CdCl2 as in group II then received 200 mg/kg of allicin orally, the allicin inhalation group (group V) which received CdCl2 as in group II then received 200 mg/kg of allicin by nebulizer. Lung specimens were excised for laboratory, histological, immune histochemical and ultrastructural studies.
The results of the current study revealed that:
In hematoxylin and eosin stained sections: CdCl2 groups (group II and group III) caused marked morphological changes in the form of destruction of lung architecture, areas of hemorrhage, congested blood vessels and inflammatory cell infiltrations mainly neutrophils and some lymphocytes were evident. The allicin oral and inhalation groups showed restoration of normal lung architecture and amelioration of the histopathological changes caused by CdCl2 with better improvement in allicin inhalation group.
In Masson stained sections: The CdCl2 groups showed significance increase in collagen deposition around blood vessels and around bronchioles. On the other hand, allicin oral and inhalation groups showed significant decrease in collagen deposition around blood vessels and around bronchioles.
Anti iNOS anti-body immunohistochemically study showed significant increase in iNOS immunopositive expression in CdCl2 groups, however allicin oral and inhalation groups showed significant decrease of iNOS immunopositive expression. Allicin inhalation group revealed significant improvement compared with allicin oral.
Anti-CD 163 anti-body immunohistochemically showed significant increase in the mean number of CD163 immunopositive cells in CdCl2, untreated, allicin oral and inhalation groups compared with control group with a significant increase in the this mean number in allicin oral and inhalation groups compared to CdCl2 groups with significant improvement in inhalation when compared to oral group.
The mean MDA level, significantly increased in Cdcl2 group and if compared to control group (p > 0,001) and significant decrease (p > 0,001) if compared to allicin groups.
The mean GSH level significantly decreased in CdCl2 groups in comparison to the control group. Allicin administration as oral or inhalation significantly increased GSH levels when compared to the CdCl2 groups with significant improvement in inhalation when compared to oral group.
The mean level of TrkB using ELISA method showed a significant decrease in CdCl2 groups in comparison to the control group, however allicin administration as oral or inhalation significantly increased this level when compared to the CdCl2 groups.
The mean interleukin 6 level using ELISA showed a significant increase in CdCl2 groups if compared to control group and a significant decrease in allicin oral and inhalation groups when compared to CdCl2 groups with significant improvement in inhalation when compared to oral group.
Electron microscope results revealed that CdCl2 groups showed destruction in type II pneumocyte with degenerated empty lamellar bodies mitochondria and destructed blood air barrier while allicin groups showed fine improvement of these changes with better improvement in allicin inhalation groups.
Conclusion:
We conclude that allicin oral and inhalation can improve the manifestations of ALI as regard lung tissue injury, oxidative stress and inflammation with superior improvement in inhalation route.