الفهرس 
Title : Fracture resistance of roots prepared with the Step Back technique, with or without recapitulation, and obturated with two different endodontic sealers in presence or absence of Posts: (An in vitro study)
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the fracture resistance of endodonticaly treated single rooted teeth filled with two different endodontic sealers (Endosequence and MTA PLUS), prepared with step-back technique with or without recapitulation in presence or absence of fiber posts. A total number of 80 freshly extracted human mandibular premolars were selected. The mesio-distal dimension of the selected teeth (3.5-4.5 mm ±1). While the bucco-lingual dimension (6-7 mm ± 0.5) were included in this study.The selected teeth were divided into two equal groups according to step of preparation technique (A): with recapitulation (A1) and without recapitulation (A2). Each group was divided into two sub-groups according to the type of sealer used (C): MTA PLUS sealer (C1) and Endosequence sealer (C2). Each sub-group was divided into two sub-groups according to presence or absence of post (D): presence of post (D1) and absence of post (D2). The canals were prepared by (ISO 0.02) taper hand instrumentation until ISO size #30 as the master apical file (MAF).Gates-Glidden drills (size 2 and 3) were initially used to pre-flare the orifice of the canal. Root canal hand preparation was performed followed by step-back in 1mm increments for three additional file sizes. Lateral condensation technique was used to fill root canals.The sealer was applied to the canal by coating the full working length master cone by a light layer of MTA PLUS.The EndoSequence sealer mix was injected until it came out from the orifice