الفهرس 
Ventricular septal defectOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening in the interventricular septum, causing a shunt between ventricles. Large defects result in a significant left-to-right shunt and cause dyspnea with feeding and poor growth during infancy. Diagnosis is by echocardiography. Defects may close spontaneously during infancy or require surgical repair.
Hemodynamically, the magnitude of shunt is determined by the size of the defect and the level of pulmonary vascular resistance. A large shunt causes pulmonary artery hypertension, elevated pulmonary artery vascular resistance, right ventricular pressure overload, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Regarding the left atrial function, its principal role is to modulate left ventricular (LV) filling and cardiovascular performance. Atrial size and function mainly assessed with echocardiography because of its availability, safety, versatility, and ability to image in real time with high temporal and spatial resolution. Strain and strain rates represent respectively, the magnitude and rate of myocardial deformation; they are measured using either color TDI or by 2D-STE techniques.
In ventricular septal defect (VSD), there is volume overload on left atrium (LA). LA enlargement is part of pathophysiological changes to compensates the volume overload.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the Left atrial phasic functions in patients with ventricular septal defect, using 2D-speckle tracking echocardiography.
This study was carried out in Menoufia university hospital echocardiography laboratory from January 2021 to February 2022 on patients aged ≤ 6 years with ventricular septal defect (group I) and a control group (group II) of the same age and sex category with a total number of 60 patients.
The study population was divided into two groups:
- group I (VSD group): included 30 patients.
- group II (Control group): included 30 patients proven clinically and echocardiographically normal.
All patients were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations (ECG, CBC, liver and renal function test and conventional echocardiography) and 2D-speckle tracking echocardiography.