الفهرس 
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Abstract
One of the common cause of the male infertility is defects in quality and quantity of sperm, which can occur by effects of genetic variants and environmental factors. The idiopathic azoospermia and oligospermia are common spermatogenesis disorders in men, and is observed in a high proportion of infertile men. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the spermatogenesis defects remain unknown
This study is a case control study conducted at Andrology Clinic, Beni-Suef University Hospital to assess the seminal calretinin expression in men with normal semen parameters, oligoathenoteratospermia, and azoospermia.
The mean seminal calretinin level was higher in Oligoathenoteratospermia group with a mean 7.8±1.3 ng/ml. in azoospermia group the mean level was 7.3±0.8 and the mean was 7.4±1 for normal control group. There was no significant difference between Azoospermic, Oligoathenoteratospermic and Normospermic groups regarding the seminal calretinin level.
The results of this study demonstrate that there was no correlation between calretinin and azoospermia or oligoathenoteratospermia. Only a positive correlation between sperm normal forms and seminal calretinin level in Oligoathenoteratospermic group.
The mean age for patients with azoospermia was 33.3±10.4 and the mean age of their wives was 28.4±7.1. Patients with oligoathenoteratospermia had an average age of 30.4±8.1 and their wives average age was 28.9±6.1. The mean age for the normal control group with normal semen parameters was 29±6.7 and their wives mean age was 27±7.3.
All cases with normal semen parameters and patients with oligoathenoteratospermiawere married with offspring while for patients with azoospermia 16.7% of them were single and 53.3% were married with no offspring and 30% of them were married with offspring. There was no significant difference between the studied groups regarding their marital status.
Medical history retrieved from oligoathenoteratospermic andnormospermic group was free of any medical condition. In the azoospermic group, most of the patients were free of medical history and only one case was dyslipidemic. Regarding to testis examination, also all cases with oligoathenoteratospermia andnormospermia showed normal examination. Unlike patients with azoospermia, the right testis was normal in 30% of patients, 56.7% had moderate size of the testis, 10% had small testis and only 3.3% showed testicular atrophy. On the other hand, the left testis was normal in 83.3% of patients, 3.3% had moderate size of the testis, 13.3% had small testis and no case revealed atrophic left testis.
The epididymis couldn’t be assessed in 10% of cases on the right testis only and could be felt posteriorly in 90% of cases on the right testis and in 100% of cases in the left testis. All cases had normal cord on the right testis however, 6.7% of cases had a weak pulse felt on the cord of the left testis. The VAS could be felt in 90% of cases in the right testis and in 96.7% of cases in the left testis.
The semen parameters of patients with oligoathenoteratospermia and normal control group were assessed and showed that the mean volume of semen was 3.1±1.2 ml for patients witholigoathenoteratospermia and 3.3±0.9 for normal group. The sperm concentration was significantly higher in normal control group with an average 45.9±17.6 (10^6/ml) compared to the oligoathenoteratospermiagroup who had an average 7.5±3.9 (10^6/ml). Also, the total sperm motility was significantly higher in normal group with an average of 60.2±5.3% and in the oligoathenoteratospermia group the motility average was 18.2±9.2%. The percent of sperm normal forms was also significantly higher in the normal group with an average 5.8±0.7 and that for oligoathenoteratospermia group 1.9±0.8.