الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION & RATIONALEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a public health problem that threatens the economies of all nations, particularly the developing countries. Hyperglycemia is the principal cause of microvasculopathy but also appears to play an important role in causation of macrovasculopathy.
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble pro-hormones. Vitamin D has a fundamental role in bone metabolism and is involved in various immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Approximately 30–50% of the general population is reported to have low vitamin D levels or suffer from insufficiency or deficient vitamin D which is a global health problem. Many studies observed the relationships between low levels of vitamin D and many disease states such as hypertension, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic CKD.
Vitamin D deficiency is being evaluated as important risk factor in development of insulin resistance and Vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in management of type 2 DM.
The present study was performed as cross- sectional study in Endocrine and Nephrology care services (inpatient, outpatient units) at Suez Canal University Hospitals. The study is aiming at identifying the frequency of insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency in diabetic nephropathy in