الفهرس 
Fetal cardiac functions and septal thickness among pregnant diabetic patients at 24-28 weeks
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Abstract
Pre-gestational diabetes refers to type 1 or type 2 diabetes and is diagnosed before conception. Historically, type 1 diabetes was considered a disorder of children and adolescents, generally occurring early in life, with a sudden onset of insulin deficiency. Age at onset of diagnosis is no longer a restricting factor (Atkinson 2014).Type 2 diabetes has been largely attributed to increasing obesity and socioeconomic status.Gestational diabetes mellitus is a carbohydrate intolerance that results in hyperglycemia (an excess of sugar in the blood) of variable severity, with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. It does not exclude the possibility that the glucose intolerance may antedate pregnancy but has been previously unrecognized.The definition applies regardless of whether or not insulin is used for treatment, or the condition persists after pregnancy