الفهرس 
Title: Assessment of Programmed Death-1(PD-1) as a biomarker of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients
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Abstract
The current study was conducted to monitor the mean level of programmed death-1 (PD- 1) as immune inhibitory receptor with the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in different stages from normal albuminuria to micro and macro-albuminuria, also to measure the biochemical parameters of diabetes mellitus and lipid profile with regard of disease duration progression .Subjects: This study included 60 clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and 20 healthy control subjects.The study groups were classified according to albuminuria stages : Group1 (G1) included 20 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with normal albuminuria.group 2 (G2) included 20 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with micro-albuminuria.group 3 (G3) included 20 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with macro-albuminuria.group (C) included 20 healthy control subjects. Results: The mean of PD-1 I in patients G1,G2&G3 increased significantly compared to healthy control group (C) at P<0.001 also a significant increase in in the mean of PD-1 of patients collective group (D) compared to control group (C ) at P<0.001.A percentage increase in insulin resistance in patients groups G1,G2&G3 compared to control group ( C) at P<0.001.A significant decrease in the mean of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients groups G1,G2&G3 compared to control group (C) at P<0.001. A significant increase in Albumin to Creatinine Ratio. (ACR) in G3 compared to control group (C) at P<0.001. Finally an obvious change in diabetic lipid profile was obsereved and related to change in diabetic patients insulin resistance