الفهرس 
Disability, Cognition and Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) MRI Brain Sequence in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
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Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common chronic neuroinflammatory disease causing disability in young adults. Cortical pathology recently returned to the spotlight of MS research as a result of specialized MRI sequences, double inversion recovery (DIR) allows better detection of cortical lesions (CLs).Cognitive impairment occurs in 40-65% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, typically involving complex attention, information processing speed, (episodic) memory and executive functions. Aim of our study is to investigate the association between the presence of cortical lesions (CLs), and the clinical and psychological features of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: our study included 30 patients of RRMS using double inversion recovery (DIR) sequences with 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment presence of cortical lesions. Activities of daily living (ADL) were estimated using the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Cognitive function was assessed using the following tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis patients (BICAMS)were used to assess significant differences in the neuropsychological test outcomes between the groups.Results: Twenty seven out of 30 patients had cortical lesions which were detected by DIR and not detected by FLAIR. All patients had cognitive impairment mainly in Visual processing speed as well as Auditory and verbal memory affection, But there is no affection of Visual and spatial memory.There was a negative correlation between the number of cortical lesions detected by the DIR sequence in Rt hemisphere and the result of (MMSE, CVLTII (total and immediate recall) with p-value (0.020, 0.018, 0.027) consecutively