الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 118 |  |  |
| | | from | 118 | | |
Abstract
Green and sustainable buildings are among the most popular topics in the design, architecture, and electrical fields due to their importance in preserving the natural environment and reducing the electrical energy consumption. Since green building design and operation is becoming more popular around the world, a framework has become essential, not only to measure and track how buildings affect the environment and their long-term viability, but also to design and optimize the system design parameters to achieve these goals. For this purpose, this thesis initially presents a case study on the application of a dedicated software for the design of a typical green building system in the state of Iraq. The design requirements, the program inputs, and the program outcomes have all been described in this thesis. In specific, the amount of daily, monthly, and annual electricity consumption could have all been specified, for both the green building design and for the counter design, if the building had been conventionally designed. The study reveals that, compared to the counter conventional design, the green buildings use about 77.58% less annual energy consumption for the heating and cooling systems, while the reduction in the overall annual energy consumption reaches about 65.1%. from a different perspective, recent power systems have turned out to be more complicated because of loads’ multiplicity and the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. This highly increasing penetration has led to lack of system inertia, which affects system stability and increases frequency deviations. As such, load frequency control (LFC) has been widely recognized as an effective tool in power system frequency regulation. Therefore, this thesis proposes a novel LFC controller, tuned by a new metaheuristic optimization technique. The proposed controller is a Proportional Integral Derivative-Second derivative controller, combined with a Proportional Derivative controller (PIDD2-PD), tuned by the Wild Horse Optimizer (WHO). A case study of a two-area linked power system with varied conventional and renewable generating units is fully investigated. Detailed models for all system and control components have all been described. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem, whose parameters are optimized using WHO. Different operational scenarios are proposed to study the effectiveness of performance for the combined PIDD2-PD controller by using different load patterns, RESs disturbances, communication time delays, and system settings variations. The effectiveness of the PIDD2-PD based on the WHO controller is compared to the PID-TID, ID-T (based on the WHO), and ID-T controllers optimized for the Archimedes Optimization Algorithm (AOA). The simulation results are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results show that the suggested controller has supremacy over the other controllers’ performance in terms of peak overshoot, maximum undershoot, and settling time for all scenarios. The suggested optimized PIDD2-PD controller structure has been shown to be an excellent solution to the LFC in smart grids.