الفهرس 
Epidemiology of type 2 DM:
Criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (ADA, 2020)Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 165 |  |  |
| | | from | 165 | | |
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood glucose resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both(Kitada et al., 2013). There are two major types of Diabetes mellitus (DM), Type 1 results from pancreas failure to produce enough insulin(Lüscher et al., 2003)Type 2 begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly .As the disease progress a lack of insulin may also develop. The most common cause of type 2 DM is excessive body weight and not enough exercise (Rosenbloom et al., 2009) The endothelium performs a crucial role in maintaining vascular integrity leading to whole organ metabolic homeostasis. Dysfunction of multiple aspects of the endothelium has been identified in DM. In human endothelial cells, modulation of plasminogen activator synthesis by insulin-like growth factor-1, epidermal growth factor, or acidic fibroblast growth factor is known to be influenced by diabetes (Lerman & Zeiher, 2005)Abnormal glycosylation of intracellular and plasma proteins occurs and affects endothelial function in diabetic patients(Deanfield et al., 2007) Diabetic nephropathy is a type of progressive kidney disease that may occur in people who have diabetes. It affects people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and risk increases with the duration of the disease and other risk factors like high blood pressure and a family history of kidney disease(Gross et al., 2005) Microalbuminuria describe a moderate increase in the level of urine albumin. It occurs when the kidney leaks small amounts of albumin into the urine, in other words, when there is an abnormally high permeability for albumin in the glomerulus of the kidney(Basi et al., 2008) Chitotriosidase is synthesized exclusively by activated macrophages, and its activity has been proposed as a biochemical marker of macrophage accumulation in several lysosomal diseases, especially in vascular angiopathy. Chitotriosidase is a human chitinase member of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. It is synthesized as a 50-kDa protein containing a 39-kDa N-terminal catalytic domain, a hinge region, and a C-terminal chitin-binding domain. It is predominantly secreted but in part processed into a 39-kDa form that accumulates in lysosomes(Boot et al., 1995). In a healthy population, CHIT1 activity is very low and originates in the circulating polymorphonuclear cells. Conversely, during the development of acute/chronic inflammatory disorders, the enzymatic activity of CHIT1 increases significantly. CHIT1 has also been involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). Mounting evidence from experimental studies revealing the increase of CHIT1 levels in pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, acute ischemic stroke, cerebrovascular dementia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteolytic processes suggest its critical role in the evolutions and complications of DM(Sonmez et al., 2010).