الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the clinicopathological and pathological effects of green tea and quercetin against cadmium toxicity in rats.
Sixty apparently healthy male albino rats were divided equally into six groups (10 rats per each) as follows: Control group was orally administered 1 ml distilled water three times weekly, Cd- treated group: orally received CdCl2 (5 mg/kg bwt/ day 3 times /week), GT- treated group: orally received GT (200 mg/kg bwt/ day 3 times / week), Q- treated group: orally received Q (50 mg/kg bwt/ day 3 times / week), Cd + GT and Cd + Q- treated groups received the same previous doses and routes. The experimental treatments were conducted for eight weeks.
Clinically, no mortalities were recorded in control and treated groups throughout the period of the experiment. The entire treated groups showed normal growth rate throughout the period of the experiment except Cd-treated rats showed loss of appetite. At 4th week no significant changes in body weights of all treated groups were recorded if compared to the control. While, relative liver weight showed a significant increase in Cd- and Cd+Q- treated rats without any significant changes in the other treated groups as compared to control group, co-treatment of GT with Cd showed significant reduction in RLW compared to Cd- treated group. However, relative kidney weight showed non-significant changes in all of the treated groups when compared to the control group. There was a significant decrease in body weights of Cd+Q- treated rats without any significant changes in the other treated groups as compared to control group. RLW showed non-significant changes in all treated groups when compared to the control rats. RKW showed a significant increase in Cd + Q- and Cd + GT- treated groups without any significant changes in other treated groups in comparison with control group at eight week post treatment.
Regarding to hematological findings, all of the treated groups did not show any significant change in RBCs count, Hb concentration, PCV%, MCV, MCH and MCHC when compared with control one, there was a significant decline in total leukocytic count in Cd- treated rats without any significant changes in other treated groups if compared with control group. while, the cotreatment with Q revealed significant increase in WBCs count when compared to Cd- treated group. No significant changes were recorded in differential leukocytic count and platelets count in all treated groups compared to control group except for basophils % which was significantly increased in Q and Cd + GT- treated groups at four weeks post-treatment.
Regarding to biochemical findings, the serum ALT activity did not show any significant change in all of the treated groups when compared to control group. While, the serum AST activity was significantly increased in Cd- treated group and Cd + GT- treated group but it recorded non-significant increase in other treated groups as compared to control one, co - treatment of GT and Q with Cd revealed significant reduction in serum AST activity compared to Cd- treated group. The serum activities of ALP and GGT were non-significantly differed in all treated groups when compared to the control one at four weeks post-treatment. The serum activity of ALT showed a significant increase in Cd- treated rats without any significant changes in other treated groups as compared to control one . No significant changes in AST activity was recorded in all of treated groups when compared to control one. The serum activitiy of ALP recorded a significant increase in Cd ,Cd + Q ,Cd + GT- treated groups by the same magnitude when compared to the control group .But serum activity of GGT recorded a significant elevation in Cd and Cd+Q only in comparison with control group at eight weeks post-treatment
The serum levels of total protein, albumin and globulin revealed non- significant change in all treated groups when compared to the control one at four weeks. while, at eight weeks post-treatment the serum level of total protein and albumin concentration showed a significant decrease in Cd- treated rats only when compared to control group. However, serum globulin levels did not show any significant changes in all treated groups when compared to control .
Comparatively with control group, serum total, direct and indirect bilirubin levels showed non-significant changes in all of the treated groups at four weeks. while, at eight weeks post-treatment serum levels of total bilirubin showed a significant increase in Cd- treated group without any significant changes in Q and GT treated groups compared to control group. The serum level of indirect bilirubin did not show any significant changes when compared to control group. On the other hand,serum level of direct bilirubin recorded a significant increase in Cd, Cd + Q ,Cd + GT by the same magnitude compared to control group.
The serum urea concentration showed a significant increase in Cd, Cd + Q and Cd + GT- treated groups when compared to control group.In comparison with control group, serum creatinine level did not show any significant changes in all treated group. While, serum level of cystatin C showed a significant increase in Cd- treated rats only when compared to control group. In addition, co-treatment of GT with Cd showed significant reduction in serum level of cystatin C when compared to Cd- treated group at four weeks post-treatment. While, at eight weeks serum urea and creatinine concentration recorded a significant increase in Cd-treated groups without any significant changes in other treated groups as compared to control one. The serum level of cystatin C did not show noticealbe change in all groups when compared to control one, the co-treatment of Q with Cd showed significant reduction in serum urea and creatinine levels when compared to Cd- treated group.
The concentration of hepatic lipid peroxide expressed as Malondialdhyde (MDA) showed a significant elevation in Cd treated group and insignificant decrease in Cd + GT and Cd + Q- treated group as compared to control ones. Also, the concentration of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) showed a significant decrease in Cd, Cd + Q and Cd + GT- treated groups when compared to control one. But, GSH level was significantly increased in Cd + GT and Cd + Q- treated groups when compared to Cd-treated group. In comparison with control group , CAT activity showed a significant increase in GT and Q –treated groups and a significant decrease in Cd, Cd + Q and Cd + GT at four weeks post treatment .But, at eight weeks post-treatment the level of hepatic MDA recorded a significant increase in all treated groups except Cd + Q- treated group as compared to control group. However, the concentration of GSH and CAT activity recorded a significant decrease in Cd- treated group when compared to control group.
While, the concentration of renal MDA showed a significant increase in Cd- treated group only as compared to control one. Also, the concentration of renal GSH activity recorded a significant decrease in Cd- and Cd + GT- treated groups when compared to control one. Moreover, a significant reduction in CAT was recorded in Cd- treated group only compared to control group at four weeks post treatment. But, at eight weeks post-treatment the concentration of renal MDA showed a significant increase in Cd- treated group as compared to control group. While, there was a significant decrease in the renal GSH content in Cd- treated groups only compared with the control one. Also, the activity of renal CAT did not show any significant changes when compared to control group.
Regarding to histopathological results, during the fourth week of the experiment, hepatic lesions of Cd- treated rats showed cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes with hepatocytic necrosis associated with mononuclear cell infiltration and congestion in blood vessels, hepatic lesions of Cd+GT-treated rats showed moderate hepatocytic vaculation, moderate hepatic necrosis with mild mononuclear cell infiltration and congestion, hepatic lesions of Cd + Q- treated rats reported mild hepatocytic vaculation mild hepatic necrosis associated with mild mononuclear cell infiltration and congestion. The same lesions but increase in severity and distribution at eight week post-treatment in Cd- treated rats ,hepatic lesions of Cd + GT- treated rats showed mild hepatocytic vaculation, mild hepatic necrosis associated with mild mononuclear cell infiltration and congestion, hepatic lesions of Cd + Q- treated rats reported moderate vacuolation of the hepatocytes besides hepatocytic necrosis, mild mononuclear cells infiltration and congestion.
At four week post-treatment, Kidney of Cd- treated rats showed moderate tubular changes, some tubular epithelial cells were swollen and enlarged towards the tubular lumen rendering the lumen narrow and star-shaped, others showed moderate vaculation besides congestion of inter-tubular blood capillaries. Severe diffuse hemorrhage was recorded. In addition, interstitial nephritis was noticed and represented by moderate inflammatory cells infiltration mainly lymphocytes. There were moderate tubular necrosis, congestion and mild fibroplasia. Kidney of Cd + GT- treated rats showed mild tubular changes such as swelling and vaculation of the renal tubular epithelium. Moreover, mild tubular necrosis with mild mononuclear cell infilteration and congestion of inter-tubular blood capillaries were recorded, mild interstitial nephritis and mild fibroplasia were noticed. Kidney of Cd + Q- treated rats showed mild tubular necrosis associated with mild Perivascular mononuclear inflammatory cell infilteration. Also, mild tubular epithelium swelling and congestion were reported. There were mild interstitial nephritis and mild fibroplasia.
At eight week post-treatment, kidney of Cd- treated rats showed severe tubular changes. These changes included swelling and necrosis of tubular epithelium. Widespread interstitial nephritis and congestion were observed. Also, perivascular mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration was marked. There was marked interstitial fibroplasia. Kidney of Cd + GT- treated rats showed mild atrophy of glomerular tuft and moderate tubular necrosis associated with mononuclear cell infilteration. There were moderate interstitial nephritis and fibroplasia. Kidney of Cd + Q- treated rats showed moderate tubular necrosis associated with mild mononuclear cell infiltration, mild Perivascular mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration and moderate fibroplasia were recorded.