الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a significant health problem in most nations with the number of patients dramatically increasing and expected to reach 366 million by the year 2030.Diabetes. Coronary artery atherosclerosis is the single most common cause of death in men and women and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for individuals with diabetes. Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation and buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall leading to plaque formation and rupture.
The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are a superfamily comprised of six proteins (IGFBP-1 to 6) that bind to IGFs with high affinity. IGFBPs are regulated by proteases released from several tissues, and their IGF binding affinity is negatively affected by proteolytic cleavage as well as phosphorylation of IGFBPs, GFBP-1, among the IGFBP family, is produced dominantly in the liver and kidney and it is the most important member with regard to insulin and glucose metabolism. IGFBP-1 level is decreased in fasting serum of early NIDDM patients with insulin resistance. Overexpression of IGFBP-1 has been shown to improve impaired glucose tolerance. On the other hand, serum IGF-1 is reduced while IGFBP-1 level is increased in type 1 diabetic patients. Studies reported that IGFBP1 affects the prognosis and mortality of cardiovascular diseases in patients without diabetes and glucose intolerance. Which might be due to an independent direct regulation of vascular endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC).
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases responsible for both physiological and pathophysiological tissue remodeling. There are 25 family members described in vertebrates, with 22 found in humans. Normal myocardium possesses a number of ECM proteins, including collagens, laminins, fibronectin, and low levels of multicellular proteins, all of which play a role in the physiological performance of the heart. MMP-9 plays a major role in the degradation of ECM in a large spectrum of physiology and pathophysiology processes that involve tissue remodeling. MMP-9 plays divergent roles in the formation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Plaque ruptures are associated with increased MMP-9 proteolytic activity and it is levels is highly correlated with cardiovascular mortality in patients with atherosclerosis. The role of MMPs in development of complications of type 2 diabetes is not fully understood.
To date, most studies on IGFBP-1 have focused on the diabetes and glucose metabolism. While studies on MMP-9 have focused on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. But no sufficient data between the mentioned markers with diabetic atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.