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Abstract The Mamluk period (648-923/1250-1517) is looked upon as the golden age of Islamic civilization in Egypt and Mesopotamia. During this period, Islamic architecture considerably prospered, especially with the introduction and development of the madrasa and the khanqa. Both foundations are classified as Mamluk religious architecture. The literature, however, shows that there has been a degree of confusion among scholars in terms of name, function and plan of these two comparable religious types. Thus, this study comes to compare between both the madrasa and the khanqa in Mamluk Egypt. The objectives of the research The present study aims to: - Identify the meaning of the madrasa and the khanqa. - Track the history of both madrasas and khanqas since they both appeared and down to the end of Circassian Mamluk period. - Study the social, the political and the economical circumstances which have directly influenced on the motives for erecting both foundations. - Shed light on the functional evolution of the madrasas and the khanqas in Mamluk era. - Differentiate between the community of both madrasas and khanqas. - Illustrate the significance of the endowment (al-Waqf) in the continuation of both foundations and show its impact on the reputation of the madrasas and khanqas. - Indicate that the stipulation required in a sufi, a student, a professor to be affiliated to each of the two foundation. - Differentiate between plan of the madrasas and that of the khanqas. - Investigate the relationship between the number of each structure and the number of the rites celebrated therein. - Illustrate the factors which directly affected the planning of the madrasas and the khanqas. - Discuss the contituent elements of both establishments. Introduction 3 The questions of the research The questions that the study aims to answer can be worded in the following question: 1- What is the meaning of the madrasa and the khanqa? 2- Why were madrasas and khanqas introduced to Islamic architecture in Egypt? And what is the main motive behind that erection? Did this motive continue in Mamluk Egypt without any innovation? 3- Did the political or the economical circumstances have any impact on the prompts for the erection of both types in Mamluk Egypt? 4- Did the madrasas and the khanqas have any Egyptian origin? In case of they did not, how were they introduced to Egypt? Were both architectural types introduced to Egypt at the same time? 5- Was the khanqa of Saʿīd al-Suʿdāʾ 569 (1174) constructed as the earliest Egyptian khanqa? 6- What is the main function of each of the two foundations? When were the functions of each of which integrated? When were these functions combined with that of the congregational mosque? 7- What occupations were required for the madrasa and the khanqa? Did the endowment (al-Waqf) play a role in those functions? 8- What stipulations were there for joining the madrasas and the khanqas? 9- Did the plan of the congregational mosque affect that of the madrasa and the khanqa? If yes, How? 10- What were the effective factors on the planning of the madrasa and the khanqa? Introduction 4 References The researcher relied on massive numbers of sources and references in this study, but I am going to mention the most prominent of those as the following: Waqf documents (Wathāʾq al-Waqf) - Waqf document of Mughlaṭāī al-Jamālī (Cairo: Wazārat al-Awqāf, number 1666). This document provided me with all information required about the internal life of the khanqa. It illustrated all stipulation of the founder about joining the khanqa. - Waqf document of the sultan al-Ashraf Birsibāy, 880 (Cairo: al- Maḥkamah al-Sharʿiyyah, 884) This document comprises the madrasah of al-Ashraf Birsibāy 827 (1423) at |