الفهرس 
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Abstract
The Mamluk period (648-923/1250-1517) is looked upon as the golden
age of Islamic civilization in Egypt and Mesopotamia. During this period,
Islamic architecture considerably prospered, especially with the introduction
and development of the madrasa and the khanqa.
Both foundations are classified as Mamluk religious architecture. The
literature, however, shows that there has been a degree of confusion among
scholars in terms of name, function and plan of these two comparable
religious types. Thus, this study comes to compare between both the
madrasa and the khanqa in Mamluk Egypt.
The objectives of the research
The present study aims to:
- Identify the meaning of the madrasa and the khanqa.
- Track the history of both madrasas and khanqas since they both
appeared and down to the end of Circassian Mamluk period.
- Study the social, the political and the economical circumstances which
have directly influenced on the motives for erecting both foundations.
- Shed light on the functional evolution of the madrasas and the khanqas
in Mamluk era.
- Differentiate between the community of both madrasas and khanqas.
- Illustrate the significance of the endowment (al-Waqf) in the
continuation of both foundations and show its impact on the reputation
of the madrasas and khanqas.
- Indicate that the stipulation required in a sufi, a student, a professor to
be affiliated to each of the two foundation.
- Differentiate between plan of the madrasas and that of the khanqas.
- Investigate the relationship between the number of each structure and
the number of the rites celebrated therein.
- Illustrate the factors which directly affected the planning of the
madrasas and the khanqas.
- Discuss the contituent elements of both establishments.
Introduction 3
The questions of the research
The questions that the study aims to answer can be worded in the
following question:
1- What is the meaning of the madrasa and the khanqa?
2- Why were madrasas and khanqas introduced to Islamic architecture in
Egypt? And what is the main motive behind that erection? Did this motive
continue in Mamluk Egypt without any innovation?
3- Did the political or the economical circumstances have any impact on the
prompts for the erection of both types in Mamluk Egypt?
4- Did the madrasas and the khanqas have any Egyptian origin? In case of
they did not, how were they introduced to Egypt? Were both architectural
types introduced to Egypt at the same time?
5- Was the khanqa of Saʿīd al-Suʿdāʾ 569 (1174) constructed as the earliest
Egyptian khanqa?
6- What is the main function of each of the two foundations? When were the
functions of each of which integrated? When were these functions combined
with that of the congregational mosque?
7- What occupations were required for the madrasa and the khanqa? Did the
endowment (al-Waqf) play a role in those functions?
8- What stipulations were there for joining the madrasas and the khanqas?
9- Did the plan of the congregational mosque affect that of the madrasa and
the khanqa? If yes, How?
10- What were the effective factors on the planning of the madrasa and the
khanqa?
Introduction 4
References
The researcher relied on massive numbers of sources and references in this
study, but I am going to mention the most prominent of those as the
following:
Waqf documents (Wathāʾq al-Waqf)
- Waqf document of Mughlaṭāī al-Jamālī (Cairo: Wazārat al-Awqāf,
number 1666).
This document provided me with all information required about the internal
life of the khanqa. It illustrated all stipulation of the founder about joining the
khanqa.
- Waqf document of the sultan al-Ashraf Birsibāy, 880 (Cairo: al-
Maḥkamah al-Sharʿiyyah, 884)
This document comprises the madrasah of al-Ashraf Birsibāy 827 (1423) at