الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of inadequate control of blood levels of glucose. It has many sub classifications, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and steroid-induced diabetes. Type 1 and 2 DM are the main subtypes, each with different pathophysiology, presentation, and management, but both have a potential for hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by abnormal insulin secretion due to peripheral resistance and account for 85-90% of all persons with diabetes.Long-term complications have been developed after many years. The major long term complications relate to damage to blood vessels. The primary complications of diabetes are due to damage in small vessels include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease which ultimately progresses to end stage renal disease. So, early marker for predicting and monitoring the progression of DN are needed to enable the timely administration of the protective treatments. OIF is involved in the development of angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial injury and atherosclerosis of renal arteries are important mechanisms for the pathogenesis and development of DN. The present study was conducted on 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. They were recruited from Internal Medicine Department of Tanta University Hospital and 20 healthy control subjects; these individuals were divided into the following groups: