الفهرس 
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Abstract
The study was performed on forty adult albino rats weighing about 110-130g. The study continued for 4 weeks. Rats were divided into four groups; the control group (n = 10): received the basal diet (ad libitum). Aflatoxicosis group (n = 10): it was individually intoxicated by oral administration (500 µg of AFB suspended in corn oil/ kg b.wt) a day after day for successive 4 weeks. CWP+AFB treated group (n = 10): this group individually intoxicated by oral administration (500 µg of AFB suspended in corn oil/ kg b.wt) a day after day for successive 4 weeks and were orally supplemented with CWP (200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 250 μl distilled water) a day after day. BWP-treated group (n = 10): this group was individually intoxicated by oral administration (500 µg of AFB suspended in corn oil/ kg b.wt) a day after day for successive 4 weeks and were orally supplemented with BWP (200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 250 μl distilled water) day after day.
After 4 weeks rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the spleen and thymus were quickly removed, washed with saline solution, and cut into three equal parts, one part was fixed in formalin for histological examination and the second part was imbedded in liquid nitrogen and kept frozen at -80 ℃ until RNA extraction, the third part was preserved in RIPA lysis buffer for western blots analysis. The liver samples were kept at -20 ℃ until the measurement of oxidant/ antioxidant biomarkers.
Oxidative stress biomarkers including NO, MDA, GSH, GST, and GSH-PX were measured by colorimetric methods in liver homogenate. CXCL-12, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 gene expressions were determined in the spleen and thymus by qRT-PCR. Cleaved caspase-3 was determined by western blot in the spleen and thymus. Histopathological examinations of the spleen and thymus by light microscopy were also performed.
A growing body of evidence suggests that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is essen¬tial for the migration of progenitor cells during embryonic hematopoiesis and organogenesis as well as for organ homeo¬stasis, vascularization, and tissue regeneration.
The present study concluded that CWP can improve the immuno-suppression caused by AFB through enhancing CXCL12 gene expression, modulating TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB gene expression, and modulation of Cleaved caspase-3 for the treatment of the toxicity caused by AFB.
The aflatoxin intoxicated group showed the following changes:
An increase in the level of NO and MDA, a decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione, glutathione transferase enzyme, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH, GST, GSH-PX) in the liver compared to the control group.
The spleen of the aflatoxicosis group showed an increase in TNF-α, Cleaved caspase-3, and NF-κB. In addition to a decrease in the level of immune system promoter chemokine (CXCL12) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
In the thymus gland, AFB group was characterized by an increase in the gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), the nuclear stimulus for oxidative activation-kb (NF-κB), and a decrease in the expression of (CXCL12) and Cleaved caspase-3.
Treatment of rats exposed to AFB with camel’s milk whey proteins and cow’s milk whey proteins led to an improvement in all biochemical changes in the liver, spleen, and thymus to varying degrees between the whey of the two species.
The results of the study concluded that CWP protein was able to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and improve immune weakness resulting from aflatoxin poisoning in a significant way compared to what happened when treated with CWP, we recorded the effect of CWP in treating aflatoxin poisoning as follows
Camel whey proteins had a remarkable effect on reducing the level of toxic nitric oxide and aldehyde in the liver, raising the stores of reduced glutathione, and raising the efficiency of the enzymes; glutathione peroxidase and glutathione s transferase (GSH-PX, GST).
Camel’s whey proteins had a noticeable effect on raising the efficiency of the immune system booster CXCL12 in the spleen and thymus gland, reducing the nuclear stimulus for oxidative- κB activation (NF-κB) in the spleen and thymus gland, inhibiting the inflammatory cytokine-6 (IL-6) in the thymus gland and increasing its gene expression in the spleen, inhibiting of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both spleen and thymus, and Cleaved Caspase-3 deficiency in both spleen and thymus.
The signs of improvement mentioned above in the previous assessment sites (NO, MDA, GST, GSH-PX, GSH, CXCL12, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, cleaved caspase-3 were due to the activity of lactoferrin protein in the camel whey as stated and it was proven in the previous studies that the fewer improvements less when treated with cow’s milk whey, and this improvement may be attributed to the higher percentage of lactoferrin protein in camel milk whey than in cows.