الفهرس 
History of Using Natural Dyes in the Decoration of Textiles and Carpets in EgypOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 293 |  |  |
| | | from | 293 | | |
Abstract
Summary
This thesis is about the effect of deterioration factors on chemical and physical
properties of some natural dyes on archaeological fibers and methods of treatment and
conservation applied on a selected model. The purpose of the thesis is observation the
physical and chemical changes occurring to the deteriorated and aged natural dyes to
reach results that help determine the appropriate preservation environment for the dyed
archaeological fibers, especially since the damage of dyes is not recovered.
This thesis abstracts in four chapters as the following:
Chapter I is a Literature Review that includes the history of using natural dyes with
fibers in Egypt. It also deals with some important concepts for distinguishing between
types of colorants. The different methods of classifying natural dyes and the most famous
natural dyes used in the past were also clarified. It also includes the advantages and
disadvantages of natural dyes and how to fix them with fibers. Then clarify the main
problem of natural dyes, which is the fading and the various factors that cause it. It was
also necessary to clarify the modern analysis techniques used in identifying natural dyes
because of their great importance. Finally, mention was made of the conservation
methods used to preserve the dyed fibers.
Chapter II is the Materials and Methods used in the experimental study. It includes
preparing samples largely simulating the applied model. Five groups of dyed wool were
prepared (wool dyed with madder and mordanted with alum - wool dyed with madder
and mordanted with copper - wool dyed with madder and mordanted with iron - wool
dyed with indigo without mordanting - wool dyed with Iranian saffron without
mordanting). The dyed wool samples were subjected to light aging (for different
exposure times of 25, 50, and 100 hours) and thermal aging (at different temperatures
40°, 60°, and 80°C each temperature for 4 hours) taking into consideration that each
sample was subjected to the influence of only one of the aging factors so that the effect of
each variable alone could be observed on each sample without overlapping the effects. To
study the effect of both light and thermal aging on the chemical and physical properties
of dyed wool fibers, several analytical techniques (FTIR – HPLC – XRD - color
measurement) were used.
Chapter III is the Results and discussion of the experimental part. The untreated
and treated samples were characterized using different spectrometric techniques (FTIR,
HPLC, XRD, and Colorimeter). The obtained results of each technique are listed and
discussed in this chapter.
Due to the climatic changes that the planet is exposed to as a result of global warming
and the depletion of the ozone layer, it has not become accurate to determine accelerated
aging according to a certain number of years, but it is preferable to calculate the amount
of energy that the object is exposed to. So to facilitate the process of comparing samples,
we decided to standardize the units used in both kinds of aging techniques and convert
each aging factor (temperature or light exposure time) into watts-hour and calculate the
amount of energy emitted from each aging source that the samples were exposed to after
the total time of exposure.
The most important results are the following:
• The most significant change that occurred to the samples was pronounced in the first
interval of light and thermal aging and then tended to vary by prolonging the exposure
hours or temperature.
• After 100 hours of exposure to light or 80 ºC all the dyed samples deteriorated but by
different levels according to the sort of the dye and the mordant used.
• Although some samples may appear to have been stable when exposed to different
degrees of aging they suffer from internal damage that appears clearly in their chemical
structure when analyzing with different techniques, which indicates that these samples
continued to be sever damaged when they are subjected to long term of aging.
• Color measurement is not precise proof that the aged samples are stable or not when
subjecting them to different aging factors.
• The effect of light aging was most influential than the effect of thermal aging.
• The global climatic change in the recent few years led to the inability to have fixed
limits or references to refer to when dealing with aging hours or temperatures. For
example, determining the number of exposure hours to light aging mimics a specific
number of aging years, since we have several weather variances on the same day
regardless of the season we are going through.
• It is preferable to explain or discuss the changes -related to different aging
parameters- to the amount of energy that the samples were subjected to. So we
standardized the units used in both kinds of aging techniques and converted each aging
factor (temperature or light exposure time) into watts-hour and calculated the amount of
energy emitted from each aging source that the samples were exposed to after the total
time of exposure.
Chapter IV is the applied part. It includes an introduction about the oriental carpets,
then a description (of the decorative and weaving technique) of the Archaeological Carpet
(Applied object). It also includes samples taken from the carpet for examination using
(Visual Examination - Stereo Microscope - Scanning Electron Microscope) and analysis
using (FTIR – XRD – HPLC ) to assess the condition of the carpet and identify Its
materials. Comparison tables had been made between archaeological samples and aged
experimental samples. Based on the results of the examinations and analyzes, an
appropriate treatment plan was developed for the state of the antique carpet. The
restoration and conservation process was carried out with these steps (Removing old
erroneous restoration works, cleaning, sterilizing the object for future protection, and
finally consolidating the object by fixing it on a new linen Supporter which was stretched
on a wooden frame according to the Safety requirements).
The study finished with a conclusion, recommendations, and references.