الفهرس 
Characterization of antimicrobial resistance determinants of salmonella
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Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of food-borne disease worldwide. Most infections are zoonotic and are transmitted from food animals to humans through the ingestion of contaminated food. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of resistance genes in multi-drug resistant and ESÝL Salmonella isolates, knowing identity between Salmonella isolates from different sources, identifying the best choice of antibiotics according to CLSI of Enterobacteriaceae, identifying another choice of treatment as hibiscus extracts by different solvents as the strains were MRD and applying the extract in vivo to confirm its efficiency. The result of antibiotics sensitivity indicated that the recovered Salmonella isolates were highly resistance to Amikacin , Trimethoprim +Sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin+ Clavulanic acid, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, cephalothin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Amoxicillin and Norfloxacin with percentage 100%.While On the other hand all tested isolates were sensitive to Ceftazidime and Imipenem.. ESÝL test applied to the isolates and the results showed that 78.9 % of isolates were positive ESÝL.PCR was designed to detect blaTEM (Ý-lactamases), TET (A) (Tetracycline), floR (Chloramphenicol), gyr(A) and Sul1 (Sulphonamides) genes in Salmonella resistant isolates.Testing for the resistance genes using PCR showed that 100% of the tested isolates were positive to gyrA, Sul1and TET(A) gene, while 78.9% of the tested isolates were positive to floR gene and finally 71% of the tested isolates were positive to blaTEM gene