الفهرس 
Title
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Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the commonest type of cancer among women world-wide and a leading cause of cancer related deaths. Based on insight into immune system / cancer interactions, cancer immunotherapy strategies have been developed. Of these strategies, immune checkpoints regulators are among the most important. Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is one of the 2 ligands of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1); an important immune checkpoint regulator. Clinical trials using PD-L1 antibodies have shown ef{uFB01}cacy in various cancers. Some of these antibodies have received food and drug administration (FDA) approval for clinical use. Objectives: Detection of immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells (TC) and stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in female BC, to investigate the possibility of using it as a targeted therapy, as well as, correlation of this expression with the clinico-pathologic parameters of the tumors. Materials and methods: One hundred BC tissue sections were collected from mastectomy specimens. IHC expression of PD-L1 was investigated in TC and TILs