الفهرس 
Title : Immunohistochemical expression of programmed death ligand 1 (pd-l1) in urinary bladder carcinoma
CONTENTSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Introduction to PD-L1: Programmed death 1 (PD-1) protein, a T-cell coinhibitory receptor, and one of its ligands, PD-L1, play a pivotal role in the ability of tumor cells to evade the host’s immune system (Brahmer et al., 2012). Aim of the work: The aim of this work is to study the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in urinary bladder carcinoma and correlation of PD-L1 expression with the intensity of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and other available clinicopathological aspects of the tumour. Methods: Seventy one radical cystectomy specimens were collected and sections of the tumour were immunostained for PD-L1. Results: Positive PD-L1expression was observed in 30 cases of the specimens tested. The correlation between PD-L1 expression and histological type of the tumours only was statistically significant; more expression with invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas. Conclusion: Further studies with larger sample size including superficial urinary bladder cancers are recommended to establish the active role of our studied marker in tumour progression, role in tumour immune evasion, recurrence and survival