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Abstract Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a major risk factor in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke as well. Poor nutrition in fetal and early infant life and prematurity affect the development and function of Ý cells of islets of Langerhans. Early changes in insulin and cortisol hormones levels affect glucose homeostasis and increase the risk of developing IR and obesity later in life |