الفهرس 
Illustration ROM occurs at the ankle complex jointOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 158 |  |  |
| | | from | 158 | | |
Abstract
The ankle joint complex is comprised of the lower leg and the foot and forms the
kinetic linkage allowing the lower limb to interact with the ground, a key
requirement for gait and other activities of daily living. Despite bearing high
compressive and shear forces during gait, the ankle's bony and ligamentous
structure enables it to function with a high degree of stability (1).
The ankle is a large joint made up of three bones: The shin bone (tibia), The
thinner bone running next to the shin bone (fibula) and a foot bone that sits above
the heel bone (talus), The bony bumps (or protrusions) seen and felt on the ankle
have their own names: The medial malleolus, felt on the inside of the ankle is part
of the tibia's base ,The posterior malleolus, felt on the back of the ankle is also part
of the tibia's base ,The lateral malleolus, felt on the outside of the ankle is the low
end of the fibula
The ankle joint allows up-and-down movement of the foot. The subtalar joint sits
below the ankle joint, and allows side-to-side motion of the foot. Numerous
ligaments (made of tough, moveable tissue) surround the true ankle and subtalar
joints, binding the bones of the leg to each other and to those of the foot (2).
Ankle fractures in adults are common injuries, accounting for 10% of all fractures.
Their incidence has been increasing since the 1950s; with an overall incidence of
as high as 168.7/100,000 person-years. Population aging, increasing obesity
prevalence and more widespread participation in sports activities are thought to be
the major Causes. The mean age of fracture was reported to be 41 years old. Ankle
fractures are slightly more frequent in men than in women (53% vs 47%)
respectively. Ankle fractures show a bimodal distribution with peaks among the
younger men and older women (3).
INTRODUCTION & AIM OF WORK
1
The general goals of fracture management are anatomic reduction of the fracture
and protection of the soft tissue envelope. Stable fractures, where the alignment of
the ankle joint is preserved, rarely need surgery. Unstable fractures typically
require closed reduction or open reduction and internal fixation, depending on the
patient’s co-morbidities and pre-injury functional status. There is an increasing
trend toward operative management of unstable ankle fractures, but historically
good long-term outcomes have been well documented with non-operative
management (4).
It is crucial to choose a proper treatment method for the rehabilitation of patients
after fracture. Surgical treatment is the main clinical method. The conventional
open reduction and internal fixation is one major method for the treatment of ankle
fractures. It allows full exposure, simple operation, effective reduction of the
fracture site and good fixation. However, open reduction and internal fixation
results in a great surgical trauma and a high rate of complications. Therefore, to
explore the best surgical method is still the hotspot of studies on ankle fracture (5).
However, open reduction and internal fixation results in great surgical trauma and
a high rate of complications. Therefore, on ankle fractures, percutaneous
cannulated compression screw fixation is an effective fixation method for limb
fractures and an emerging internal fixation in recent years. Due to its small
trauma and other advantages, it is widely used in clinical practice