الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the world’s most common neoplasm and the incidence of OSCC has increased in many countries and especially in young people.
Surgery remains the first-line therapy option for OSCC. Its supported by radiotherapy (external beam radiation and brachytherapy) and chemotherapy (such as Fluorouracil (5-Fu) and cisplatin) or in combination.
Alternative medicine and medicinal plants have been well accepted by the public with more than half of the worldwide population using them as a preventive or therapeutically effective anticancer drug (complementary, adjunctive, and alternative).
Frankincense and Myrrh have medicinal properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, and analgesic activities. Consequently, Frankincense and Myrrh can be used to treat different types of diseases because of their therapeutic activities.
Both Frankincense and Myrrh have modern pharmacological applications for several disease treatments, most of them predicted by the traditional therapies because of their unique chemical compositions, pharmacological activities. Non-toxicity tends to support the safe use of these popular traditional drugs in modern therapies. The synergistic effects of the combination formed by these two natural resins have been confirmed and have attracted worldwide attention.
The studies evaluating Frankincense and Myrrh aqueous extract effects on oral squamous cell carcinoma are deficient.
In this study, cell viability and cytotoxicity, caspase-3 and -8 activation, ROS activity, Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and cytological and morphological changes with nuclear area factor (NAF) calculation were evaluated and assessed to find out the likely mechanisms of cytotoxicity, growth inhibition, and apoptosis.
In our research, the whole extract was used, unlike some previous searches, where the isolated compounds were used based on the concept that all is better than some and the components of the whole extract work in a synergistic manner.
Frankincense and Myrrh different extracts have a cytotoxic effect and the aqueous extract was more effective than methanolic extract, the combination aqueous extract has the most cytotoxic and apoptotic effect than the other extracts and even more than 5-FU in SCC-25 cell lines.
Frankincense, Myrrh, and combination aqueous extracts caused a large significant increase in ROS production. It also leads to loss of mitochondria membrane potential and a corresponding increase in caspase-3 and-8 activation. Therefore, this study suggested that Frankincense, Myrrh, and combination aqueous extracts cause oxidative stress through ROS-regulated activation, which causes the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signaling cascades in SCC-25 cells. The cytonuclear morphological changes was convenient with the apoptotic, secondary necrotic, necrotic cell death morphology, and the reduction of NAF was seen in photomicrographed stained cells.