الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The discipline of cardiac surgery has grown significantly, allowing more patients with advanced age and much co-morbidity to be treated. Despite the accumulated experience acquired, the morbidity and mortality associated with heart procedures are still significant among the elderly.
A common and significant postoperative consequence of cardiac surgery with CPB is cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney damage (CSA-AKI), and it is the second leading cause of AKI in ICU patients.
When compared to non-AKI patients, those who acquired AKI following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) had a greater incidence of infection complications, a longer hospital stay, and a higher fatality rate.
The lack of a commonly accepted and uniform AKI definition is attributable to the existence of multiple AKI definitions. The RIFLE and AKIN systems are two comparable definitions and staging categories for AKI proposed by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative group (ADQI). The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) work group has established a new unified definition and categorization of AKI for practice, research, and public health by combining RIFLE and AKIN criteria. Despite the fact that there are numerous, varied, and complex definitions for AKI, the most commonly used ones are based on the quantity of urine output (UO) and/or serum creatinine (sCr).