الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that is related to a variety of genetic and environmental factors (Jiao et al., 2017). DM is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder resulting from defective insulin secretion, resistance to insulin action or both leading to prolonged hyperglycemia with disarrangement carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism (Naik et al., 2014 and Wu et al., 2016).Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is become a global public health challenge for the 21st century, as non- communicable disease, more than 80% of diabetes deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2014). T2DM frequently goes undiagnosed for many years because hyperglycemia develops gradually, also at earlier stages, is often not severe enough for the patient to notice the classic diabetes symptoms. Nevertheless, even undiagnosed patients are at increased risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications. The risk of developing T2DM increases with age, obesity and lack of physical activity (American Diabetes Association; ADA, 2018).