الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) are normally present in the circulation of the fetus during the intrauterine life but they disappear early in the first ten postnatal days in healthy neonates (1). NRBCs count varies according to gestational and chronologic age of the newborn (2). NRBCs in infants emerge from the bone marrow approximately 28 hours after exposure to stress as hypoxia (3). The increased number of NRBCs has been considered a flag of intrauterine and early postnatal stress among neonates, they are also associated with events such as fetal acidemia, meconium stained amniotic fluid during delivery, and other perinatal complications (4-6). Elevated NRBCs were associated with increased risk of immediate post-natal complications for infants who experienced hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Also, elevated NRBC counts during the first 6 hours of life were associated with higher rates of neurodevelopmental disability by the age of 2 years (7, 8). Premature infants were found to have higher NRBCs count at birth(2, 3). Also, the increased rates of adverse neonatal outcomes, have been associated with elevated NRBCs in preterm infants. The adverse neonatal outcome may be such as cerebral white matter injury, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) went under studies for NRBCs evaluation (9-11).