الفهرس 
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Abstract
In recent years, the release of various harmful heavy metal ions into the environment has attracted great attention worldwide because of their toxicity and widespread use. Trace metals play an important role in human metabolism and either excess or deficiency of them in the living organism can lead to biological disorder.
The direct determination of trace amounts of these metals in environmental samples is beyond the scope of flame AAS which is a commonly used instrument technique because of its robustness, accuracy, and cheapness). Nevertheless, owing to some limitations, it has minimal sensitivity, which inhibits the trace level determination of metals. Thus, preconcentration methods capable of yielding high enrichment factors to bring the concentration levels of these metals within the scope of such instrument determination is required.