الفهرس 
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Abstract
Our topic in this research is related to protecting the liver from damage that can be caused by the presence of oxidized substances, which may cause liver damage, which reduces its efficiency as we looked for natural substances that are may have a positive effects on the liver and most internal organs without causing a bad side effects of organism.
The target of this study is to evaluate the impact of ginger extracts on the protection of the liver affected by hydrogen peroxide in experiential rats, depending on the content of these extracts from total phenolic compounds and flavonoids.
The experiment is based on two main points:
A- Determine the chemical composition of ginger rhizomes.
B- Evaluate the effect of ethanol and acetone extracts of ginger rhizomes against hydrogen peroxide (0.5%).
The obtained results can be summarized as following:
A- Chemical Analysis For Ginger Rhizomes:
1- Ginger rhizomes contained: 21.2% protein, 0.83% ash, 0.58% fiber, 6.98% fat, 58.9% total carbohydrates and 550mg/100g total phenolics.
2- the results of HPLC analysis for the ethanolic extract of ginger rhizome showed that its contain 17 phenolic compounds from which gingerols was the main one (8.77%) followed by zingerone (6.39%), while shogaols, vanillin, taxifolin, ferulic acid and cinnamic acid were in a moderate amount (4.82%, 3.7%, 3.4%, 3.08% and 2.0%), respectively. While, acetone extract of ginger rhizome contain 16 phenolic compounds, the main one is gingerols (9.6%), followed by zingeroene (7.0%), kaempferol (5.52%), shogaols (5.46%), vanillin (4.63%), taxifolin (4.53%), gallic acid(4.45%), ferulic acid (4.2%), cinnamic acid (2.63%) and syringic acid (1.96%).
B- Biological Experiment:
There are six group as follows: negative control (NC), PC (0.5% H2O2), EG1 (0.5% H2O2 +0.05% ethanoic extract of ginger), EG2 (0.5% H2O2 +0.1% ethanoic extract of ginger), AG1 ((0.5% H2O2 +0.05% acetone extract of ginger) and AG2 (0.5% H2O2 +0.1% acetone extract of ginger). The main results were:
1. Liver functions biomarkers
ALT activity: PC group have the highest values (95, 132 U/L after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (24, 23 U/L after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in ALT activates compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
AST activity: PC group have the highest values (110, 149 U/L after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (25, 25 U/L after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in AST activates compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
ALP activity: PC group have the highest values (143, 170 U/L after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (33, 33U/L after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in ALP activates compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
2. Kidney functions biomarkers:
Urea levels: PC group have the highest values (45, 54 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (17, 18 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in urea levels compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
Creatinine levels: PC group have the highest values (1.16, 1.99 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (0.59, 0.59 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in creatinine levels compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
3. Lipid profile biomarkers:
Triglycerides levels: PC group have the highest values (172, 193 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (108, 114 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in triglycerides levels compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
Total cholesterol levels: PC group have the highest values (183, 208 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (110, 114 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in total cholesterol levels compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
HDL-cholesterol levels: PC group have the lowest values (40, 36 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the highest values (53, 53 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant increase in HDL- cholesterol levels compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
LDL-cholesterol levels: PC group have the highest values (108.6,133.4mg/dl after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (35.4, 38.2 mg/dl after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol levels compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
4. Oxidative stress biomarkers:
Plasma MDA levels: PC group have the highest values (119, 154 nmol/ml after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (13.9, 15.2 nmol/ml after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in MDA levels compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
Catalase activity: PC group have the highest values (135, 186 U/L after 15 and 30 days, respectively), while NC group have the lowest values (42.1, 40.4 U/L after 15 and 30 days respectively). All treated groups EG1, EG2, AG1 and AG2 showed a high significant decrease in catalase activity compared with PC, with a comparative advantage to EG2 and AG2.
Finally, it can be recommended to use ginger in diets because of its extracts (ethanolic and acetone) that are characterized by a high content of natural antioxidants, as well as the positive role of these extracts in combating free radicals in vivo when tested on experimental rat.