الفهرس 
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is the term defined by the National Kidney
Foundation Kidney Disease and Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI)
group to classify any patient who has kidney damage (which is manifested
by pathological abnormalities noted on renal biobsy specimens or
abnormalities revealed by blood, imaging or urine tests) lasting at least 3
months with or without a decrease GFR or any patient who has a GFR of
less than 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 lasting for 3 months with or without
kidney damage. Utilizaing this definition, CDK is present if the GFR is less
than 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for ≥3 months. In addition, CDK is also
present if the GFR is ≥60 ml /min per m2 if other evidence of kidney
damage exists. One of the first problems that develop is related to bone
disease. The kidney plays a crucial role in activating vitamin D. The liver
performs the 25-hydroxylation function, and the kidney performs the 1-
alpha hydroxylation step. The 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D that is formed is
the most active form of vitamin D and will maintain healthy bones and
prevent rickets in the growing child.
CKD in childhood affects mineral homeostasis and the normal
process of mineral accrual and deposition in the bone, thereby affecting
bone mass, architecture and strength. On the other hand there is genetic
factors which attribute to bone mineral disorders as klotho gene.
We aimed in these study to investigate the association of KLOTHO
genetic polymorphism (C1818T) among children with CKD _Mineral bone
disease.. The study was carried out on 80 children from the pediatric renal
dialysis unit in Menoufia University Hospital and Sporting Medical
insurance hospital for students in the period from 1st April 2021 to 30th
September 2021.
Our cases divided into two groups as follows:
group 1 (patient group) includes 40 children: 20 male and 20
female, the mean age was 12.95 ± 3.71 year, on regular renal hemodialysis.
group 2 (control group) includes 40 apparently healthy children
matched of age, socioeconomic status and sex with patient group: 24 male
and 16 female, the mean age was 10.60 ± 2.65 year.