الفهرس 
الدراسة التاريخية والاثرية للواحات الخارجةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Chapter One: The geological study of the Oasis environment and the techniques of mural images in it.
This chapter deals with the historical and archaeological study of the Kharga Oases, the most important sites in them, and the role they plays throughout ancient Egyptian history from the ancient era to the Islamic era. The old name of Kharga Oasis is the Southern Oasis, based on the Ptolemaic list of oases in the temples of Edfu, and an inscription of a military ruler called ”Amon-im-Hab”. It seems that the two oases of Kharga and Dakhla in the Western Desert had formed with each other one administrative unit since the Pharaonic era, as they were known since the era of Thutmose III under the name of the Southern Oases. They were ruled by a single ruler called “the ruler of the two lands.” There are many archaeological areas throughout the new valley on the main roads and in the depth of the desert. There are more than a thousand archaeological sites in the three oases of Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra.
This chapter adopts the geological study of the Kharga Oases, as the study of the Kharga oases is not limited to the present only, but extends far through the past through history. Since the history of the desert in general and the history of the oases of Kharga in particular is important in clarifying the image and components of this region and often history is the tongue of geography, or as it is said that history is the shadow of man on the earth and that geography is the shadow of the earth over time, and if history is the movement of time, then geography is the genius of place.
As well the topography of the oases, the stratigraphic structure and the geology of the Kharga Oases (environment, topography and raw materials) is discussed within this chapter. Also the climate of Kharga Oases is mentioned, where the study of climate is an important component of the regional study. Climate is a product of the region’s astronomical location on the surface of the globe. It is an essential factor in the formation of many geomorphological phenomena in the region at different times, as it affects many aspects of human life, especially that climate plays a role in the process of soil formation, whether directly or indirectly, in addition to the geological factor.
This chapter deals with the development of the mural painting techniques in the Kharga Oasis, where murals and inscriptions are among the oldest artistic methods used by man to express what he sees and wants. The first pictures found since the dawn of history were the pictures that primitive man drew on the walls of caves, where he painted pictures of different animals on the walls of caves.
Chapter Two: The effect of the Kharga Oasis environment on the damage to murals (raw materials - terrain - local environment)
This chapter deals with the study of the environmental risks of the murals in the Kharga Oases, such as the effect of wind, for example, which plays a role in the formation of the weather conditions of heat and humidity in the environment of the oases around the various archaeological sites in them. By increasing the wind speed, it causes sculptural erosion and diaphragm erosion, which directly affects the surfaces of the frescoes. This chapter points out that the murals consist of different layers in terms of mineral and chemical composition, starting with the photographic stand, the construction layers, the preparation floor, and the coloring layer. They vary among themselves, and this results in different factors of expansion and contraction, their stability and affected by various factors, and the different response of each layer from the other. This causes serious problems in the form of crusts and separations, up to the layers of the frame falling off the photographic stand.
Chapter Three: Analytical and Experimental Study
In this chapter, scientific methods are used to identify the metal components of the building materials and artistic photography. The maintenance and restoration operations concerns with the studying and identification of the information contained in any antiquity where it is found that the archaeological site (the cemetery and the shrine of Peres in the Labakha area in the Kharga Oases) consisted of mud-brick building material. The mural image consists of three photographic layers consisting in different proportions for each layer of (quartz, calcite and gypsum ratio), while the image contains five colors (red, yellow, green, white, black) using X-ray diffraction. The chromatic medium, which is the Arabic gum, is identified by using the infrared spectrum.
The other part of the chapter deals with the experimental study and making models that match the mural in the Labakha area (the cemetery and the cabin of Peres). The most suitable material for the various restorations is obtained from an evaluation of the selected nanotubes using the infrared spectrum, examination and analysis using the scanning electron microscope, and measurement of the color change of the models before, during and after obsessions.
Chapter four is an applied study of restoring the mural in the Ain al-Labkha area (the cemetery and the “Peres” cabin)
In this chapter, all the results obtained from the experimental study were applied where the mural is worked on according to its current status. First photographic documentation of the site was done, and then restoration work was done from a mechanical clean-up of the image. A part of the sand was removed from the front of the mural in order to be cleaned of sand calcifications. Those calcifications were cleaned by chemical cleaning methods consisting of distilled water and alcohol by means of cotton and chio papers. Then, the chio was strengthened for the colors and surface crusts of the mural, and then the sand was returned again until the mural was preserved from the surrounding environmental factors