الفهرس 
Chapter I : Elderly and frailty of ageOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Malnutrition in older adults has been recognized as a challenging health concern associated with not only increased mortality and morbidity, but also with physical decline, which has wide ranging acute implications for activities of daily living and quality of life in general. Malnutrition is common and may also contribute to the development of the geriatric syndromes in older adults. Malnutrition in the old is reflected by either involuntary weight loss or low body mass index, but hidden deficiencies such as micronutrient deficiencies are more difficult to assess and therefore frequently overlooked in the community-dwelling old.
Nutrition deficiency is caused by an imbalance between nutrient intake and demand. The deficient nutrient intake or uptake is leading to reduced physical and mental Function. Malnourished patients must be guided by accurate evaluation to detect of small changes in the patient’s nutrition status.
Many methods of evaluating malnutrition have been proposed that combine multiple components. But SGA is a simple method that can be used at the bedside and only takes 10 minutes. The results of SGA have been found to be highly predictive of health outcomes related to nutritional status.
This observational study is a across sectional study. It was done on (100 participants) of elderly people (aged 65 or more) had be chosen randomly, apparently healthy. The study was approved by Menoufia university hospital Committee guidelines.
All participants had examined to evaluate nutrition measurements and common features of deficiency were assessed; general appearance, BMI, skin, hair/nail changes, spooning of nails, night blindness, mouth problems, edema, tetany, neurologic symptoms, dysphagia, diarrhea, loss of appetite and weight loss. All of these were examined after we had taken full history from all the participants.
All participants had conducted by subjective global assessment SGA of nutritional status as divided into well-nourished, mild to moderate malnutrition, and severe malnutrition. And data had collected from any investigations available with the patient related to nutrition.